Nonlinear optical transmission and optical power limiting characteristics of axial bonding type tin(iv) porphyrins with different peripheral substituents at the meso-positions

M V Vijisha¹, Reshma Joseph², Sebastian Nybin Remello² and K Chandrasekharan^1
1Laser and Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode– 673 601, India
²Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi- 682 022, India

The paper is dedicated to Prof D V G L N Rao

Nonlinear optical properties of a number of dihydroxy tin(IV) porphyrins with different functional groups at the periphery have been investigated by means of single beam Z-scan technique employed with a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser delivering 7 ns pulses at 532 nm at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Open aperture Z-scan studies show that reverse saturable absorption (RSA) is the mechanism behind the nonlinear optical absorption in all samples and excited state absorption is the major contributing factor to RSA. Nonlinear absorption coefficient was found to be higher for the tin(IV) porphyrin having carboxylate group (abbreviated as SnTCP) at the mesopositions. Optical limiting threshold value for SnTCP was estimated as ~0.67 J/cm2, which indicates its potentiality as an optical limiter for the smart filtering of optical energy in direct viewing systems. Closed aperture Z-scan results show that all the samples other than SnTPP exhibit self-defocusing nonlinearity and the magnitude of nonlinear refractive index is found to be nearly the same for all compounds. No closed aperture Z-scan signal was obtained for SnTPP, indicating that the dispersive contribution to the optical nonlinearity, in this case, is too small to be detected. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
doi.10.54955/AJP.30.12.2021.1673-1681
Keywords: Nonlinear optical properties, Z-scan, Porphyrin, Reverse saturable absorption, self defocusing.

Peer Review Information
Method: Single- anonymous; Screened for Plagiarism? Yes
Buy this Article in Print © Anita Publications. All rights reserve

References

1. Du Y, Dong N, Zhang M, Zhu K, Na R, Zhang S, Sun N, Wang G, Wang J, Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Porphyrin and Porphyin Incorporated Polymers for Optical Limiting, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 19(2017) 2252–2260.
2. Makhal K, Arora S, Kaur P, Goswami D, Singh K Third-order nonlinear optical response and ultrafast dynamics of tetraoxa [22] porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s, J Mater Chem C, 4(2016)9445–9453.
3. Singh K, Arora S, Makhal K, Kaur P, Goswami D, Nonlinear absorption in tetrathia [22] porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s: Visualizing strong reverse saturable absorption at non-resonant excitation, RSC Adv, 6(2016)22659–22663.
4. Rao S V, Srinivas NKMN, Rao D N, Giribabu L, Maiya B G, Philip R, Kumar G R, Studies of third-order optical nonlinearity and nonlinear absorption in tetra tolyl porphyrins using degenerate four wave mixing and Z-scan, Opt Commun, 182(2000)255–264.
5. Jiang L, Lu F, Li H, Chang Q, Li Y, Liu H, Wang S, Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of an Ultrathin Film Containing a Porphyrin Derivative, J Phys Chem B, 109(2005)6311–6315.
6. Calvete M, Ying G, Hanack M, Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as materials for optical limiting, Synth Met, 141 (2004)231–243.
7. Vijisha M V, Ramesh J, Arunkumar C, Chandrasekharan K, Nonlinear optical absorption and refraction properties of fluorinated trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrin and its metal complexes, Opt Mater, 98(2019)109474; doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109474.
8. Senge M O, Fazekas M, Notaras EGA, Blau W J, Zawadzka M, Locos O B, Mhuircheartaigh EMN, Nonlinear optical properties of porphyrins, Adv Mater, 19(2007)2737–2774.
9. Narendran N K S, Soman R, Sankar P, Arunkumar C, Chandrasekharan K, Ultrafast and short pulse optical nonlinearities of meso-tetrakis-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-N,N,N-trimethyl-4-aniliniumyl) porphyrin and its metal complexes, Opt Mater, 49(2015)59–66.
10. Sayer P, Gouterman M, Connell C, Metalloid porphyrins and phthalocyanines, Acc Chem Res, 15(1982)73–79.
11. Soman R, Raghav D, Sujatha S, Rathinasamy K, Arunkumar C, Axial ligand modified high valent tin(iv) porphyrins: synthesis, structure, photophysical studies and photodynamic antimicrobial activities on Candida albicans, RSC Adv, 5(2015)61103–61117.
12. Arnold D P, Blok J, The coordination chemistry of tin porphyrin complexes, Coord Chem Rev, 248(2004)299–319.
13. Thomas A A, Kuttassery F, Protolytic behavior of axially coordinated hydroxy groups of Tin ( IV ) porphyrins as promising molecular catalysts for water oxidation, J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem, 358(2018)402–410.
14. Thomas A, Kuttassery F, Remello S N, Mathew S, Yamamoto D, Onuki S, Nabetani Y, Tachibana H, Inoue H, Facile synthesis of water-soluble cationic tin (IV) porphyrins and water-insoluble tin(IV) porphyrins in water at ambient temperature, Bull Chem Soc Jpn, 89(2016)902–904.
15. Sheik-bahae M, Said A A, Van Stryland E W, High-sensitivity, single-beam n₂ measurements, Opt Lett, 14(1989) 955–957.
16. Sheik-Bahae M, Said A A, Wei T-H, Hagan D J, Van Stryland E W, Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam, IEEE J Quant Electron, 26(1990)760–769.
17. Kulyk B, Taboukhat S, Akdas-Kilig H, Fillaut J-L, Boughaleb Y, Sahraoui B, Nonlinear refraction and absorption activity of dimethylaminostyryl substituted BODIPY dyes, RSC Adv, 6(2016)84854–84859.
18. Zakavi S, Hoseini S, The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of meso-tetra(aryl)porphyrin dications with weak and strong carboxylic acids: A comparative study, RSC Adv, 5(2015)106774–106786.
19. Fonda H N, Gilbert J V, Cormier R A, Sprague J R, Kamioka K, Connolly J S, Spectroscopic, photophysical, and redox properties of some meso-substituted free-base porphyrins, J Phys Chem, 97(1993)7024–7033.
20. Van Stryland E W, Wu Y Y, Hagan D J, Soileau M J, Mansour K, Optical limiting with semiconductors, J Opt Soc Am B, 5(1988)1980–1988.
21. Vijisha M V, Sini V V, Narendran N K S, Chandrasekharan K, Enhanced nonlinear optical response from dihydroxy(5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrinato)tin(iv) or SnTPP in a fully plastic photonic crystal microcavity, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 19(2017)29641–29646.
22. Krishna M B M, Venkatramaiah N, Venkatesan R, Rao D N, Synthesis and structural, spectroscopic and nonlinear optical measurements of graphene oxide and its composites with metal and metal free porphyrins, J Mater Chem, 22(2012)3059–3068.
23. Kiran P P, Reddy D R, Maiya B G, Dharmadhikari A K, Kumar G R, Rao D N, Nonlinear absorption properties of “axial-bonding” type tin(IV) tetratolylporphyrin based hybrid porphyrin arrays, Opt Commun, 252(2005)150–161.
24. Liu Z, Xu Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chen Y, Tian J, Porphyrin and Fullerene Covalently Functionalized Graphene Hybrid Materials with Large Nonlinear Optical Properties, J Phys Chem B, 113(2009)9681–9686.
25. Sreekanth P, Sridharan K, A. Rose Abraham, H.P. Janardhanan, N. Kalarikkal, R. Philip, Nonlinear transmittance and optical power limiting in Magnesium ferrite nanoparticles: effects of laser pulsewidth and particle size, RSC Adv, 6(2016)106754–106761.
26. Aneeshkumar, P. Gopinath, J. Thomas, C.P.G. Vallabhan, V.P.N. Nampoori, P. Radhakrishnan, Nanosecond optical limiting response of sandwich-type neodymium dyphthalocyanine in a co-polymer host, 143(2004)197–201.
27. Singh B P, Effects of Metal Substitution on Third-order Optical Non-linearity of Porphyrin Macrocycle, J Porphyr Phthalocyanines, 86(1999)81–86.
28. Girisun T C S, Saravanan M, Rao S V, Enhanced broadband optical limiting and switching of nonlinear absorption in functionalized solar exfoliated reduced graphene oxide-Ag-Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites, J Appl Phys, 124(2018)193101; doi.org/10.1063/1.5050478.
29. Tutt L E E W, Boggess T F, Company E K, A review of optical limiting mechanisms and devices using organics, fullerenes, semiconductors and other materials, Prog Quanr Elecrr, 17(1993)299–338.
30. Spangler C W, Recent development in the design of organic materials for optical power limiting, J Mater Chem. 9(2013)2013–2020.
31. Polavarapu L, Ji W, Xu Q, Optical-Limiting Properties of Oleylamine-Capped Gold Nanoparticles for Pulses, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 1(2009)2298–2303.
32. Dini D, Calvete M J F, Hanack M, Nonlinear Optical Materials for the Smart Filtering of Optical Radiation, Chem Rev, 116(2016)13043–13233.
33. Lindsey J S, Wagner R W, Investigation of the synthesis of ortho-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins, J Org Chem, 54(1989)828–836.
34. Kulyk B, Taboukhat S, Akdas-Kilig H, Fillaut J L, Boughaleb Y, Sahraoui B, Nonlinear refraction and absorption activity of dimethylaminostyryl substituted BODIPY dyes, RSC Adv, 6(2016)84854–84859.
35. Jiang L, Jiu T, Li Y, Li Y, Yang J, Li J, Li C, Excited-State Absorption and Sign Tuning of Nonlinear Refraction in Porphyrin Derivatives, J Phys Chem B, 112(2008)756–759.
36. Kovsh D I, Hagan D J, Van Stryland E W, Numerical modeling of thermal refraction in liquids in the transient regime, Opt Express, 4(1999)315–327.