ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal
Frequency : Monthly,
ISSN : 0971 – 3093
Editor-In-Chief (Hon.) :
Dr. V.K. Rastogi
e-mail:[email protected]
[email protected]

 AJP ISSN : 0971 – 3093
Vol 30, No 4, April 2021

Asian
Journal of Physics


Volume 30, No 4, April 2021


A Special Issue Dedicated
to
Prof R S Sirohi
Guest Edited By : P Senthilkumaran
Anita Publications
FF-43, 1st Floor, Mangal Bazar, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi-110 092, India


Appreciation
Bishnu Pal

Prof Rajpal Sirohi has been my Gurubhai as we both have been graduate students of Prof. M S Sodha in late 1960s and early 1970s, respectively. However, since Professor Sirohi had graduated much earlier than me, I have had not much interactions with him as he used to work at IIT Madras till he joined IIT Delhi as its Director. Once in a while we would meet at conferences/professional events. During his Directorship @ IITD, at his request, I had accepted to serve as the Head of the Computer Services Center (CSC) for 3 years and hence has been a member of his team of HoDs and HoCs. I must say I have never encountered any problem during his Directorship and he never thrust on me any decision although the Directors of IITs enjoys enormous power. During my three-year stint as a HoC, I could organize two rounds of interviews for CSC’s academic staff colleagues and have had success in getting promoted a large number of stagnating backlogs for elevation to next higher level of the academic ladder. Without Prof. Sirohi’s support as Chairman of the Selection Committee it would not have been possible to benefit the CSC staff. As a scientist, Prof Sirohi is highly respected globally for his numerous and sustained contributions to Applied Optics education and research expertise in e.g. speckles, interferometry and instrumentation, for which he has also earned several awards including Distinguished Alumni award from IIT Delhi. One of his most prestigious scientific recognitions from abroad has been the coveted Alexander von Humboldt Prize from AvH Foundation (Germany) besides several awards from SPIE, UNESCO, ICO, etc. As Director he had introduced an innovative award for MTech students in the form of “Perfect 10” Gold medal award to a deserving graduating MTech student who scores CGPA of 10/10. This in my opinion has been an important student-oriented decision taken by him as Director of the institute. Interestingly, there were no such awards for Master of Technology students that existed till his Directorship though there existed a Presidents’ Gold Medal for a graduating B.Tech. student scoring highest CGPA.

More recently at his persuasion, I agreed to jointly guest edit with him his proposal for a special issue of Asian J Physics dedicated to Prof Sodha’s 89th birthday, which I enjoyed and the issue has already seen light of the day last month on February 8th when Prof Sodha was presented a soft copy of the special issue.

That Prof Sirohi still continues to teach (in USA) in spite of his age is an excellent news and I wish him many more years of active life for disseminating his knowledge to more and more students and young researchers in optics and photonics.

Bishnu Pal
Dean Engineering
Ecole Centrale School of Engineering
Mahindra University, Hyderabad, India
22 March, 2021

Articles under Press

Coherence holography and synthetic statistical optics: A tutorial review
Mitsuo Takeda, Wei Wang, Dinesh N Naik and Rakesh K Singh

Speckles and Singularities
Ruchi and P Senthilkumaran

Polarization patterns from superposition of non-concentric Laguerre-Gaussian beams
Sunil Vyas and Yuan Luo

Vortex beams and their mechanical properties
Devinder Pal Ghai

Designing of the tapered helical photonic metamaterial structure using multi-exposure phase-controlled interference lithography
Saurabh Pandey, Shereena Joseph and Joby Joseph

Evolution of elegant, standard, and modulated high order Hermite-Gaussian laser modes in free space
Hemant Kumar Meena, Bhavesh Pant and Brijesh Kumar Singh

Design of multi-wavelength dielectric metasurfaces using finite element software
Jerin Geogy George, Susan Thomas and Shanti Bhattacharya

Optical singularities due to reflection of a laser beam at a dielectric interface
Nirmal K Viswanathan

Laser-driven Phosphor-Converted Broadband White Light Source using Multilayer Phosphor Composition
Atul Kumar Dubey, Virendra Kumar, Dheeraj Kumar, Mayank Gupta, and Dalip Singh Mehta

Optical and Terahertz Response of Carbon Nanostructures
Arvind Singh and Sunil Kumar

Optical Fourier processing with hybrid polarization mask
B S Bhargava Ram, P Senthilkumaran

Digital Polarization holography: a new method to see the unseen
R K Singh

Single shot Fourier phase retrieval with complexity guidance
Kedar Khare

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30, No 4 (2021) 591-597

Vortex beams and their mechanical properties
Devinder Pal Ghai
Crescent Components and Systems, Delhi-110 042, India
This paper is dedicated to Padmashree Prof R S Sirohi


Light beams characterized by orbital angular momentum in the direction of propagation of the beam, often called phase singular or vortex beams, are described. Some of the important methods of generating vortex beams are discussed. We have developed a novel reflective device, an adaptive helical mirror (AHM) that can be used to generate vortex beams of both positive and negative topological charges. Topological charge of the vortex beam can be altered in magnitude and sign simply by varying the excitation voltage. Both computational and interferometric methods of detection of such beams are discussed. We have proposed a new technique of vortex detection based on lateral shear interferometer. Important properties and applications are also covered in the paper. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Adaptive helical mirror, Optical vortices, Optical angular momentum. Vortex beams, Phase singularity.

  1. Allen L, Barnett S M, Padgett M J (Eds.), Optical Angular Momentum, (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol), 2003.
  2. Kepler J, De cometis libelli tres, Physics, (1619); doi:10.1103/physics.11.100.
  3. Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P, Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes, Phys Rev A, 45(1992)8185–8189.
  4. Beth R A, Mechanical detection and measurement of the angular momentum of light, Phys Rev, 50(1936)115–127.
  5. Padgett M, Courtial J, Allen L, Light’s orbital angular momentum, Physics Today, 57(2004)35–40.
  6. Nye J F, Berry M V, Dislocations in wave trains, Proc Royal Soc London Ser A, 336(1974)165–190.
  7. Basistiy V, Bazhenov V Y, Soskin M S, Vasnetsov M V, Optics of light beams with screw dislocations, Opt Commun, 103(1993)422–428.
  8. Roux F S, Dynamical behavior of optical vortices, J Opt Soc Am B, 12(1995)1215–1221.
  9. Rozas D, Sacks Z S, Swartzlander G A (Jr), Experimental Observation of Fluidlike Motion of Optical Vortices, Phys Rev Lett, 79(1997)3399–3402.
  10. Tamm C, Frequency locking of two transverse modes of a laser, Phys Rev A, 38(1988)5960; doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.5960.
  11. Oemrawsingh S S R, van Houwelingen J A W, Eliel E R, Woerdman J P, Verstegen E J K, Kloosterboer J G, Hooft G W, Production and characterization of spiral phase plates for optical wavelengths, Appl Opt, 43(2004)688–694.
  12. Heckenberg N R, McDuff R, Smith C P, White A G, Generation of optical phase singularities by computer generated hologram, Opt Lett, 17(1992)221–223.
  13. Mcgolin D, Spalding G C, Melvile H, Sibbet W, Dholakia K, Applications of spatial light modulators in atoms optics, Opt Express, 11(2003)158–166.
  14. Strohaber J, Scarborough T, Uiterwaal C J G J, Ultrashort intense-field optical vortices produced with laser-etched mirrors, Appl Opt, 46(2007)8583–8590.
  15. Beijersbergen M W, Allen L, Veen H E L O V, Woerdman J P, Astigmatic laser mode converters and transfer of orbital angular momentum, Opt Commun, 96(1993)123–132.
  16. Tyson R K, Scipioni M, Viegas J, Generation of an optical vortex with a segmented deformable mirror, Appl Opt, 47(2008)6300-6306.
  17. Cai X, Wang J, Strain M J, Benjamin Johnson-Morris, Siyuan Yu, Integrated Compact Optical Vortex Beam Emitters, Science, 338(2012)363–366.
  18. Yamane K, Toda Y, Morita R, Ultrashort optical-vortex pulse generation in few-cycle regime, Chin Opt Lett, 20(2012)18986–18993.
  19. Ghai D P, Generation of optical vortices with adaptive helical mirror, Appl Opt, 50(2011)1374-1381.
  20. Freund I, Shvartsman N, Wave-field phase singularities: Sign principle, Phys Rev A, 50(1994)5164–5172.
  21. White A G, Smith C P, Hecknberg N R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, McDuff R, Weiss C O, Tamm C, Interferometric measurements of phase singularities in the output of a visible laser, J Mod Opt, 38(1991)2531–2541.
  22. Ghai D P, Vyas S, Senthilkumaran P, Sirohi R S, Detection of phase singularity using a lateral shear interferometer, Opt Lasers Eng, 46(2008)419–423.
  23. Gahagan K T, Swartzlander G A (Jr), Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index micro-particles observed with an optical vortex trap, J Opt Soc Am B, 16(1999)533–537.
  24. Ladavac K, Grier D, Micro-opto-mechanical pumps assembled and driven by holographic optical vortex arrays, Opt Express, 12(2004)1144–1149.
  25. Furhapter S, Jesacher A, Bernet S, Ritsch-Marte M, Spiral interferometry, Opt Lett, 30(2005)1953–1955.
  26. Swartzlander G A(Jr), Peering into darkness with a vortex spatial filter, Opt Lett, 26(2001)497–499. Vortex beams and their mechanical properties 597
  27. Sharma M K, Joseph J, Senthilkumaran P, Selective edge enhancement using anisotropic vortex filter, Appl Opt, 50(2011)5279–5286.
  28. Mair A, Vaziri G, Zeilinger A, Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photon, Nature, 412 (2001)313–316.
  29. Gibson G, Courtial J, Padgett M J, Free space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum, Opt Express, 12(2004)5448–5456.
  30. Berzanskis A, Matijosius A, Piskarkas A, Smilgevicius V, Stabinis A, Conversion of topological charge of optical vortices in a parametric frequency converter, Opt Commun, 140(1997)273–276.
  31. Void R J, Singh M, Pereira S, Nes A, Braat J, The use of orbital angular momentum of light beams for super-high density optical data storage, OSA Annual Meeting, Rochester, NY, October 2004
  32. Clifford M A, Arlt J, Courtial J, Dholakia K, High-order Laguerre–Gaussian laser modes for studies of cold atoms, Opt Commun,156(1998)300–306.

 

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30, No 4 (2021) 599-603

Designing of the tapered helical photonic metamaterial structure using multi-exposure phase-controlled interference lithography

Saurabh Pandey, Shereena Joseph and Joby Joseph

Photonics Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, India

This paper is dedicated to Padma Shri Prof R S Sirohi


Three-dimensional Photonic crystal structures have complex geometry with periodic variation of optical constant in all three dimensions. Studies on the optical properties of such systems gain immense attention as the cost-effective laser interference lithography technique can effectively replace the existing complex fabrication techniques. Here, we have introduced a laser interference lithography technique based on phase-controlled multi-beam interference. The 4+1 beam interference pattern with multi-exposures provides the designed tapered complex helical structure. The beam engineering and phase pattern are explained, and the simulation techniques are discussed. The controlled exposure dosage and rotation of the k vector in the azimuthal plane offer the desired structure’s design. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Nanophotonics, Photonic crystals, Metamaterial, Light-emitting diodes, Integrated circuits.

  1. Joseph S, Sarkar S, Joseph J, Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensing at a Flat Metal–Analyte Interface in a Hybrid-Configuration, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 12(2020)46519–46529.
  2. Joseph S, Hafiz A K, Omnidirectional reflector using one-dimensional dispersive photonic heterostructure, Optik, 125(2014)2734-2738.
  3. Joseph S, Joseph J, Influence of periodic texture profile and parameters for enhanced light absorption in amorphous silicon ultra-thin solar cells, Appl Opt, 56(2017)5013-5022.
  4. Joannopoulos J D, Villeneuve P R, Fan S, Photonic crystals: putting a new twist on light, Nature, 386(1997)143–149.
  5. Goraus M, Urbancova P, Pudis D, Adv Electr Electron Eng, 3D Photonic Crystals for Direct Applications in Light Emitting Devices, Adv Electr Electron Eng, 16(2018)233-238.
  6. Chen H, Lou R, Chen Y, Chen L, Lu J, Dong Q, Photonic crystal materials and their application in biomedicine, Drug Deliv, 24(2017)775–780.
  7. Chang A S P, Kim Y.-S, Chen M, Yang Z.-P, Bur J A, Lin S.-Y, Ho K.-M, Visible three-dimensional metallic photonic crystal with non-localized propagating modes beyond waveguide cutoff, Opt Express, 15(2007) 8428–8437.
  8. Samanta K, Joseph S, Double-helix array structure using phase controlled interference of 6+ 6 beams, Opt Lasers Eng, 113(2019)23–28.
  9. Sarkar S, Joseph J, Phase controlled interference lithography: a dynamic tool for large-area fabrication of nanophotonic structures, Proc SPIE 11402, Three-Dimensional Imaging, Visualization, and Display 2020, 114020B (2020); doi.org/10.1117/12.2559673.
  10. Xavier J, Boguslawski M, Rose P, Joseph J, Denz C, Reconfigurable Optically Induced Quasicrystallographic, Three-Dimensional Complex Nonlinear Photonic Lattice Structures, Adv Mater, 22(2010)356–360.
  11. Behera S, Joseph J, Design and fabrication of woodpile photonic structures through phase SLM-based interference lithography for omnidirectional optical filters, Opt Lett, 42(2017)2607–2610.
  12. Sarkar S, Samanta K, Joseph J, Method for single-shot fabrication of chiral woodpile photonic structures using phase-controlled interference lithography, Opt Express, 28(2020)4347–4361.
  13. Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadnezhad M, Mittler S, J Nanophotonics, 9(2015)093067; doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.9.093067.
  14. Moon J H, Yang S-M, Pine D J, Multiple-exposure holographic lithography with phase shift, Appl Phys Lett, 85(2004)4184; doi.org/10.1063/1.1813644.
  15. Song Y M, Jang S J, Yu J S, Lee Y T, Bioinspired parabola subwavelength structures for improved broadband antireflection, Small, 6(2010)984–987.
  16. Ertorer E, Vasefi F, Keshwah J, Najiminaini M, Halfpap C, Langbein U, Carson J J, Hamilton D W, Mittler S, Large area periodic, systematically changing, multishape nanostructures by laser interference lithography and cell response to these topographies, J Biomed Opt, 18(2013)035002; doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.3.035002.
  17. Kaschke J, Blome M, Burger S, Wegeneret M, Tapered N-helical metamaterials with three-fold rotational symmetry as improved circular polarizers, Opt Express, 22(2014)19936–19946.
  18. Behera S, Kumar M, Joseph J, Submicrometer photonic structure fabrication by phase spatial-light-modulator-based interference lithography, Opt Lett, 41(2016)1893–1896.
  19. Schaferling M, Dregely D, Hentschel M, Giessen H, Tailoring enhanced optical chirality: design principles for chiral plasmonic nanostructures, Phys Rev, X2(2012)031010; doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.2.031010.

 

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30, No 4 (2021) 623-632

Tissue phantom analysis through transmission Mueller polarimetry and differential Mueller matrix formalism: a concise review

Jerin Geogy George, Susan Thomas and Shanti Bhattachrya

Centre for NEMS and Nanophotonics,
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai- 600 036, India

  1. Kivshar Y, Andrey M, Meta-optics with mie resonances, Optics and Photonics news, 28(2017)26–31.
  2. Decker M, Staude I, Falkner M, Dominguez J, Neshev D N, Brener I, Pertsch T, Kivshar Y S, High-efficiency dielectric huygens’ surfaces, Adv Opt Mater, 3(2015)813–820.
  3. Dharmavarapu R, Hock S N, Eftekhari F, Juodkazis S, Bhattacharya S, Meta Optics: open source software for designing metasurface optical element GDSII layouts, Opt Express, 28(2020)3505–3516.
  4. Staude I, Miroshnichenko A E, M Decker M, Fofang N T, Liu S, Gonzales E, Dominguez J, Luk T S, Neshev D N, Brener I, Kivshar Y, Tailoring directional scattering through magnetic and electric resonances in subwavelength silicon nanodisks, ACS Nano, 7(2013)7824–7832.
  5. Chong K, Wang L, Staude I, James A, Dominguez J, Liu S, Subramania G, Decker M, Neshev D, Brener I, Kivshar Y, Efficient polarization-insensitive complex wavefront control using huygens’ metasurfaces based on dielectric resonant meta-atoms, ACS Photonics, 4(2016)514–519.
  6. Jia D, Tian Y, Ma W, Gong X, Yu J, Zhao G, Yu X, Transmissive terahertz metalens with full phase control based on a dielectric metasurface, Opt Lett, 42(2017)4494–4497.
  7. Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z, Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction, Science, 334(2011)333–337.
  8. Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Devlin R C, Oh J, Zhu A Y, Capasso F, Metalenses at visible wavelengths: diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging, Science, 352(2016)1190–1194.
  9. Lin D, Fan P, Hasman E, Brongersma M L, Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements, Science, 345(2014) 298–302.
  10. Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Kamali S M, Horei Y, Faraon A, Multiwavelength metasurfaces through spatial multiplexing, Sci Rep, 6(2016)32803; doi.org/10.1038/srep32803.
  11. Avayu O, Almeida E, Prior Y, Ellenbogen T, Composite functional metasurfaces for multispectral achromatic optics, Nat Commun, 8(2017)1–7.
  12. Aieta F, Kats M A, Genevet P, Capasso F, Multiwavelength achromatic metasurfaces by dispersive phase compensation, Appl Opt, 347(2015)1342–1345.
  13. Adomanis B M, Burckel D, Marciniak M, COMSOL Multiphysics ® Software as a Metasurfaces Design Tool for Plasmonic-Based Flat Lenses, COMSOL conference, Boston, 2016.
  14. Gallinet B, Butet J, Martin O J F, Numerical methods for nanophotonics: standard problems and future challenges, Laser & Photonics Rev, 9(2015)577–603.
  15. Kupresak M, Zheng X, Vandenbosch G A E, Moshchalkov V V, Benchmarking of software tools for the characterization of nanoparticles, Opt. Express, 25(2017)26760–26780.
  16. Vijayakumar A, Bhattacharya S, Design and fabrication of Diffractive Optical Elements with MATLAB, (SPIE Press), 2017, p. 46.
  17. Cheng J, Mosallaei H, Truly achromatic optical metasurfaces: a filter circuit theory-based design, J Opt Soc Am B, 32(2015)2115–2121.
  18. Wang S, Wu P C, Su V C, Lai Y C, Chen M K, Kuo H Y, Tsai D P, A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible, Nat Nanotechnol, 13(2018)227–232.
  19. Goodman J W, Introduction to Fourier optics, (Roberts and Company Publishers), 2005, p. 67.
  20. Monk S, Arlt J, Robertson D A, Courtial J, Padgett M J, The generation of bessel beams at millimetre-wave frequencies by use of an axicon, Opt Commun,170(1999)213–215.
  21. Aieta F, Patrice G, Mikhail A K, Nanfang Y, Romain B, Zeno G, Capasso F, Aberration-free ultrathin flat lenses and axicons at telecom wavelengths based on plasmonic metasurfaces, Nano Lett, 12(2012)4932–4936.

Asian Journal of Physics Vol. 30, No 4 (2021) 633-654

Optical and terahertz response of carbon nanostructures
Arvind Singh and Sunil Kumar
Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory,
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi- 110 016, India
This paper is dedicated to Padmashree Prof R S Sirohi


In the last three decades or so, we have witnessed an extraordinary progress in the research and technology of carbon- based nanomaterials. Among the peculiar highlights are the discoveries of fullerene, the carbon nanotubes and the magnificent simple scotch tape exfoliated graphene. The unique photophysical properties of these different allotropic forms of the nanocarbon have opened up vast application possibilities in many fields of science and technology, with particular emphasis on optoelectronics and photonics. A prerequisite for many of these applications is a thorough understanding of the nature of the elementary and coupled excitations and also various dynamical processes involving them. Here, we present an overview of the recent excitement with the carbon nanostructures, in particular, the quantum dots, nanotubes and graphene. EWe discuss some of their very interesting properties investigated through optical and THz spectroscopic tools. At optical frequencies, the light emitting properties, the nonlinearities and ultrafast response have been presented, while, the low-energy response has been considered in terms of studies obtained by using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Finally, we conclude with some of the future prospects on the photophysics of carbon nanosystems in realistic applications. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Carbon nanostructures, Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Quantum dots, Ultrafast optical processes, Terahertz spectroscopy.

  1. Avouris P, Freitag M, Perebeinos V, Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics, Nat Photonics, 2(2008)341–350.
  2. Bonaccorso F, Sun Z, Hasan T, Ferrari A C, Graphene photonics and optoelectronics, Nat Photonics, 4 (2010)611–622.
  3. Balandin A A, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau C N, Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene, Nano Lett, 8(2008)902–907.
  4. Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A, Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films, Science, 306(2004)666–669.
  5. Lee G.-H, Cooper R C, An S J, Lee S, van der Zande A, Petrone N, Hammerberg A G, Lee C, Crawford B, Oliver W, Kysar J W, Hone J, High-Strength Chemical-Vapor–Deposited Graphene and Grain Boundaries, Science, 340(2013)1073–1076.
  6. Kroto H W, Heath J R, O’Brien S C, Curl R F, Smalley R E, C 60 : Buckminsterfullerene, Nature, 318(1985)162–163.
  7. Lodermeyer F, Costa R D, Casillas R, Kohler F T U, Wasserscheid P, Prato M, Guldi D M, Carbon nanohorn- based electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells, Energy Environ Sci, 8(2015)241–246.
  8. Segura J L, Martín N, Guldi D M, Materials for organic solar cells: the C60/π-conjugated oligomer approach, Chem Soc Rev, 34(2005)31–47.
  9. Kirner S, Sekita M, Guldi D M, 25th Anniversary Article: 25 Years of Fullerene Research in Electron Transfer Chemistry, Adv Mater, 26(2014)1482–1493.
  10. Iijima S, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, 354(1991)56–58.
  11. Iijima S, Ichihashi T, Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1nm diameter, Nature, 363(1993)603–605.
  12. Sanchez-Valencia J R, Dienel T, Gröning O, Shorubalko I, Mueller A, Jansen M, Amsharov K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Controlled synthesis of single-chirality carbon nanotubes, Nature, 512(2014)61–64.
  13. Landau L J N, The theory of phase transitions, Nature, 138(1936)840–841.
  14. Geim A K, Novoselov K S, The rise of graphene, Nat Mater, 6(2007)183–191.
  15. Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A, Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature, 438(2005)197–200.
  16. Feng T, Zhu S, Zeng Q, Lu S, Tao S, Liu J, Yang B, Supramolecular Cross-Link-Regulated Emission and Related Applications in Polymer Carbon Dots, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 10(2018)12262–12277.
  17. Yu H, Shi R, Zhao Y, Waterhouse G I N, Wu -Z, Tung C.-H, Zhang T, Smart Utilization of Carbon Dots in Semiconductor Photocatalysis, Adv Mater, 28(2016)9454–9477.
  18. Shi X, Wei W, Fu Z, Gao W, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Deng F, Lu X, Review on carbon dots in food safety applications, Talanta, 194(2019)809–821.
  19. Hola K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Giannelis E P, Zboril R, Rogach A L, Carbon dots—Emerging light emitters for bioimaging, cancer therapy and optoelectronics, Nano Today, 9(2014)590–603.
  20. Bao Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ni Z, Yan Y, Shen Z X, Loh K P, Tang D Y, Atomic-Layer Graphene as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulsed Lasers, Adv Funct Mater, 19(2009)3077–3083.
  21. Ruzicka B A, Wang S, Liu J, Loh -P, Wu J Z, Zhao H, Spatially resolved pump-probe study of single-layer graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition, Opt Mater Express, 2(2012)708–716.
  22. Mou C, Arif R, Rozhin A, Turitsyn S, Passively harmonic mode locked erbium doped fiber soliton laser with carbon nanotubes based saturable absorber, Opt Mater Express, 2(2012)884–890.
  23. Xie G. Q, Ma J, Lv P, Gao W L, Yuan P, Qian L J, Yu H H, Zhang H J, Wang J Y, Tang D Y, Graphene saturable absorber for Q-switching and mode locking at 2 μm wavelength, Opt Mater Express, 2(2012)878–883.
  24. Ren L, Pint C L, Arikawa T, Takeya K, Kawayama I, Tonouchi M, Hauge R H, Kono J, Broadband Terahertz Polarizers with Ideal Performance Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotube Stacks, Nano Lett, 12(2012)787–790.
  25. Pelant I, Valenta J, Luminescence spectroscopy of semiconductors, (Oxford University Press),
  26. Ananthanarayanan M A S A, Huang L, Lim K H, Chen P, Revealing the tunable photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots, J Mater Chem C, 2(2014)6954–6960.
  27. Eda G, Lin -Y, Mattevi C, Yamaguchi H, Chen H.-A, Chen I S, Chen C.-W, Chhowalla M, Blue Photoluminescence from Chemically Derived Graphene Oxide, Adv Mater, 22(2010)505–509.
  28. Kozák O, Sudolská M, Pramanik G, Cígler P, Otyepka M, Zbořil R, Photoluminescent Carbon Nanostructures, Chem Mater, 28(2016)4085–4128.
  29. Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn H J, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens W A, Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments, J Am Chem Soc, 126(2004)12736–12737.
  30. Yang Y, Cui J, Zheng M, Hu, S. Tan, Y. Xiao, Q. Yang, Y. Liu, One-step synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization of chitosan, Chem Commun, 48(2012)380–382.
  31. Bourlinos A B, Stassinopoulos A, Anglos D, Zboril R, Karakassides M, Giannelis E P, Surface Functionalized Carbogenic Quantum Dots, Small, 4(2008)455–458.
  32. Yu P, Wen X, Toh Y R, Tang J, Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence in Carbon Dots, J Phys Chem C, 116 (2012)25552–25557.
  33. Wei J, Qiu J, Unveil the Fluorescence of Carbon Quantum Dots, Adv Eng Mater, 17(2015)138–142.
  34. Hola K, Bourlinos A B, Kozak O, Berka K, Siskova K M, Havrdova M, Tucek J, Safarova K, Otyepka M, Giannelis E P, Zboril R, Photoluminescence effects of graphitic core size and surface functional groups in carbon dots: COO induced red-shift emission, Carbon, 70(2014)279–286.
  35. Jin S H, Kim D H, Jun G H, Hong S H, Jeon S, Tuning the Photoluminescence of Graphene Quantum Dots through the Charge Transfer Effect of Functional Groups, ACS Nano, 7(2013)1239–1245.
  36. Sun -P, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando K A S, Pathak P, Meziani M J, Harruff B A, Wang , Wang H, Luo P G, Yang H, Kose M E, Chen B, Veca L M, Xie S.-Y, Quantum-Sized Carbon Dots for Bright and Colorful Photoluminescence, J Am Chem Soc, 128(2006)7756–7757.
  37. Sun X, Liu Z, Welsher K, Robinson J, Goodwin A, Zaric S, Dai H, Nano-Graphene Oxide for Cellular Imaging and Drug Delivery, Nano Res, 1(2008)203–212.
  38. Vinci J C, Ferrer I M, Seedhouse S J, Bourdon A K, Reynard J M, Foster B A, Bright F V, Colón L A, Hidden Properties of Carbon Dots Revealed After HPLC Fractionation, J Phys Chem Lett, 4(2013)239–243.
  39. Yang Z.-C, Wang M, Yong A M, Wong S Y, Zhang X.-H, Tan H, Chang A Y, Li X, Wang J, Intrinsically fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission derived from hydrothermal treatment of glucose in the presence of monopotassium phosphate, Chem Commun, 47(2011)11615–11617.
  40. Li H, He X, Kang Z, Huang H, Liu Y, Liu J, Lian S, Tsang C H A, Yang X, Lee S.-T, Water-Soluble Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Photocatalyst Design, Angew Chem Int Ed, 49(2010)4430–4434.
  41. Singh A, Mohapatra P K, Kalyanasundaram D, Kumar S, Self-functionalized ultrastable water suspension of luminescent carbon quantum dots, Mater Chem Phys, 225(2019)23–27.
  42. Yin B, Deng J, Peng X, Long Q, Zhao J, Lu Q, Chen Q, Li H, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yao S, Green synthesis of carbon dots with down- and up-conversion fluorescent properties for sensitive detection of hypochlorite with a dual-readout assay, Analyst, 138(2013)6551–6557.
  43. Singh A, Nivedan A, Kumar S, Kumar S, Impurity assisted hopping conduction and persistent photoconductivity in disordered carbon nanoparticle film, J Appl Phys, 126(2019)225102; doi.org/10.1063/1.5114780.
  44. Matsunaga R, Matsuda K, Kanemitsu Y, Evidence for Dark Excitons in a Single Carbon Nanotube due to the Aharonov-Bohm Effect, Phys Rev Lett, 101(2008)147404; org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.147404.
  45. Singh A, Kumar S, Nivedan A, Kumar S, Temperature-Dependent Ultrafast Response and π-Plasmon Dynamics in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J Phys Chem Lett, 12(2021)627–632.
  46. Okazaki T, Saito T, Matsuura K, Ohshima S, Yumura M, Iijima S, Photoluminescence Mapping of “As-Grown” Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Comparison with Micelle-Encapsulated Nanotube Solutions, Nano Lett, 5 (2005)2618–2623.
  47. Bechtel J H, Smith W L, Two-photon absorption in semiconductors with picosecond laser pulses, Phys Rev B, 13 (1976)3515-3522.
  48. Kumar S, Anija M, Kamaraju N, Vasu K S, Subrahmanyam K S, Sood A K, Rao C N R, Femtosecond carrier dynamics and saturable absorption in graphene suspensions, Appl Phys Lett, 95(2009)191911; org/10.1063/1.3264964.
  49. Boggess T F, Moss S C, Boyd I W, Smirl A L, Nonlinear-optical energy regulation by nonlinear refraction and absorption in silicon, Opt Lett, 9(1984)291–293.
  50. Dawlaty J M, Shivaraman S, Chandrashekhar M, Rana F, Spencer M G, Measurement of ultrafast carrier dynamics in epitaxial graphene, Appl Phys Lett, 92(2008)042116; doi.org/10.1063/1.2837539.
  51. Liu Z, Zhang X, Yan X, Chen Y, Tian J, Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials, Chin Sci Bull, 57(2012)2971–2982.
  52. Schröder WU, Birkelund J R, Huizenga J R, Wilcke W W, Randrup J, Effect of Pauli Blocking on Exchange and Dissipation Mechanisms Operating in Heavy-Ion Reactions, Phys Rev Lett, 44(1980)308–312.
  53. Malic E, Winzer T, Wendler F, Brem S, Jago R, Knorr A, Mittendorff M, König-Otto J C, Plötzing T, Neumaier D, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S, Carrier Dynamics in Graphene: Ultrafast Many-Particle Phenomena, Annalen der Physik, 529(2017) 1700038; org/10.1002/andp.201700038.
  54. Kumar S, Kamaraju N, Vasu K S, Nag A, Sood A K, Rao C N R, Graphene analogue BCN: Femtosecond nonlinear optical susceptibility and hot carrier dynamics, Chem Phys Lett, 499(2010)152–157.
  55. Paschotta R, Keller U, Passive mode locking with slow saturable absorbers, Appl Phys B, 73(2001)653–662.
  56. Sun D, Wu Z.-K, Divin C, Li X, Berger C, de Heer W A, First P N, Norris T B, Ultrafast Relaxation of Excited Dirac Fermions in Epitaxial Graphene Using Optical Differential Transmission Spectroscopy, Phys Rev Lett, 101(2008)157402; /doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.157402
  57. Nozik A J, Quantum dot solar cells, Physica E Low Dimens Syst Nanostruct, 14(2002)115–120.
  58. Winzer T, Malić E, Impact of Auger processes on carrier dynamics in graphene, Phys Rev B, 85(2012)241404; org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.241404.
  59. Winzer T, Knorr A, Malic E, Carrier Multiplication in Graphene, Nano Lett, 10(2010)4839–4843.
  60. Koppens F H L, Mueller T, Avouris P, Ferrari A C, Vitiello M S, Polini M, Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems, Nat Nanotechnol, 9(2014)780–793.
  61. Kumar S, Sood A K, Ultrafast Response of Plasmonic Nanostructures, in Geddes C D (ed), Reviews in Plasmonics 2015, Springer International Publishing, (2016), pp 131–167.
  62. Plötzing T, Winzer T, Malic E, Neumaier D, Knorr A, Kurz H, Experimental Verification of Carrier Multiplication in Graphene, Nano Lett, 14(2014)5371–5375.
  63. Gierz I, Calegari F, Aeschlimann S, Cervantes M C, Cacho C, Chapman R T, Springate E, Link S, Starke U, Ast C R, Cavalleri A, Tracking Primary Thermalization Events in Graphene with Photoemission at Extreme Time Scales, Phys Rev Lett, 115(2015)086803; org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.086803.
  64. Breusing M, Ropers C, Elsaesser T, Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Graphite, Phys Rev Lett, 102(2009)086809; org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.086809.
  65. Seibert K, Cho G C, Kütt W, Kurz H, Reitze D H, Dadap J I, Ahn H, Downer M C, Malvezzi A M, Femtosecond carrier dynamics in graphite, Phys Rev B, 42(1990)2842–2851.
  66. Kumar S, Kamaraju N, Vasu K S, Sood A K, Femtosecond Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Reduced GrapheneOxide Suspensions and Films, Int J Nanoscie, 10(2011)669–673.
  67. Wang H, Strait J H, George P A, Shivaraman S, Shields V B, Chandrashekhar M, Hwang J, Rana F, Spencer M G, Ruiz-Vargas C S, Park J, Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hot optical phonons in graphene, Appl Phys Lett, 96 (2010)081917; org/10.1063/1.3291615.
  68. Kampfrath T, Perfetti L, Schapper F, Frischkorn C, Wolf M, Strongly Coupled Optical Phonons in the Ultrafast Dynamics of the Electronic Energy and Current Relaxation in Graphite, Phys Rev Lett, 95(2005)187403; doi. org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.187403.
  69. Kim J H, Yee K J, Lim Y S, Booshehri L G, Hároz E H, Kono J, Dephasing of G-band phonons in single-wall carbon nanotubes probed via impulsive stimulated Raman scattering, Phys Rev B, 86(2012)161415; org/10.1103/ PhysRevB.86.161415.
  70. Lim -S, Yee K J, Kim J H, Hároz E H, Shaver J, Kono J, Doorn S K, Hauge R H, Smalley R E, Coherent Lattice Vibrations in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett, 6(2006)2696–2700.
  71. Kim J H, Han K J, Kim N J, Yee K J, Lim Y S, Sanders G D, Stanton C J, Booshehri L G, Hároz E H, Kono J, Chirality-Selective Excitation of Coherent Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes by Femtosecond Optical Pulses, Phys Rev Lett, 102(2009)037402; org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.037402.
  72. Spies J A, Neu J, Tayvah U T, Capobianco M D, Pattengale B, Ostresh S, Schmuttenmaer C A, Terahertz Spectroscopy of Emerging Materials, J Phys Chem C, 124(2020)22335-22346.
  73. Ulbricht R, Hendry E, Shan J, Heinz T F, Bonn M, Carrier dynamics in semiconductors studied with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, Rev Mod Phys, 83(2011)543–586.
  74. Neu J, Schmuttenmaer C A, Tutorial: An introduction to terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), J Appl Phys, 124(2018)231101; org/10.1063/1.5047659.
  75. Neu J, Stone E A, Spies J A, Storch G, Hatano A S, Mercado B Q, Miller S J, Schmuttenmaer C A, Terahertz Spectroscopy of Tetrameric Peptides, J Phys Chem Lett, 10(2019)2624–2628.
  76. Aoki K, Savolainen J, Havenith M, Broadband terahertz pulse generation by optical rectification in GaP crystals,Appl Phys Lett, 110(2017)201103; doi.org/10.1063/1.4983371.
  77. Lu X, Zhang X C, Balanced terahertz wave air-biased-coherent-detection, Appl Phys Lett, 98 (2011)151111; doi
  78. Seifert T, Jaiswal S, Martens U, Hannegan J, Braun L, Maldonado P, Freimuth F, Kronenberg A, Henrizi J, Radu I, Beaurepaire E, Mokrousov Y, Oppeneer P M, Jourdan M, Jakob G, Turchinovich D, Hayden L M, Wolf M, Münzenberg M, Kläui M, Kampfrath T, Efficient metallic spintronic emitters of ultrabroadband terahertz radiation, Nat Photonics, 10(2016)483–488.
  79. Kumar S, Nivedan A, Singh A, Kumar S, THz pulses from optically excited Fe, Pt and Ta based Spintronic Heterostructures, Pramana: J Phys, 95, 75(2021); doi.org/10.1007/s12043-021-02102-3.
  80. Regan W, Alem N, Alemán B, Geng B, Girit C, Maserati L, Wang F, Crommie M, Zettl A, A direct transfer of layer-area graphene, Appl Phys Lett, 96(2010)113102; doi. doi.org/10.1063/1.3337091.
  81. George P A, Strait J, Dawlaty J, Shivaraman S, Chandrashekhar M, Rana F, Spencer M G, Ultrafast Optical-Pump Terahertz-Probe Spectroscopy of the Carrier Relaxation and Recombination Dynamics in Epitaxial Graphene, Nano Lett, 8 (2008)4248–4251.
  82. Jnawali G, Rao Y, Yan H, Heinz T F, Observation of a Transient Decrease in Terahertz Conductivity of Single- Layer Graphene Induced by Ultrafast Optical Excitation, Nano Lett, 13(2013)524–530.
  83. Tielrooij K J, Song J C W, Jensen S A, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Elorza A Z, Bonn M, Levitov L S, Koppens F H L, Photoexcitation cascade and multiple hot-carrier generation in graphene, Nat Phys, 9(2013)248–252.
  84. Ando T, Anomaly of Optical Phonons in Bilayer Graphene, J Phys Soc Jpn, 76(2007)104711; doi.org/10.1143/ JPSJ.76.104711.
  85. Kar S, Mohapatra D R, Freysz E, Sood A K, Tuning photoinduced terahertz conductivity in monolayer graphene: Optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy, Phys Rev B, 90(2014)165420; org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.165420.
  86. Kumar S, Kamaraju N, Karthikeyan B, Tondusson M, Freysz E, Sood A K, Terahertz Spectroscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in a Polymer Film: Observation of Low-Frequency Phonons, J Phys Chem C, 114 (2010)12446-12450.
  87. Kumar S, Kamaraju N, Moravsky A, Loutfy R O, Tondusson M, Freysz E, Sood A K, Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy to Detect Low-Frequency Vibrations of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Eur J Inorg Chem, 2010(2010)4363–4366.
  88. Kar S, Sood A K, Ultrafast terahertz photoresponse of single and double-walled carbon nanotubes: Optical pump- terahertz probe spectroscopy, Carbon, 144(2019)731-736.