AJP	ISSN : 0971 – 3093 Vol 27, Nos 9-12, September-December, 2018

Special Issue of Asian Journal of Physics
dedicated to
Prof T Asakura

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 447-456

Quantum Limited (Security) Communication

 

Francis T S Yu
Emeritus Evan Pugh Professor of Electrical Engineering
the Pennsylvania State University: University Park, PA 16802

In this article, I will show that information-transmission (IT) can be carried out within a quantum unit, as defined by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, in which this unit can be translated as a quantum limited subspace (QLS).  I will show the size of a QLS is determined by the carrier bandwidth; that is narrower the bandwidth , the larger the size of the QLS can be used for complex amplitude communication. By understanding the pros and the cons of IT within the QLS, more innovative communication techniques can be developed and employed in practice.  For examples; such as applied to security IT within the QLS. Imaging using phase conjugation idea will be illustrated. A new era of innovative communication is anticipated to immerge and it will change the way we used to communicate forever!  © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Information Transmission, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Quantum Unit, Quantum Limited Subspace, Carrier Bandwidth, Security Communication, Phase Conjugation Communication.

References

  1.   Heisenberg W, Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1927)172-198.

  2.   Yu F T S, Time: The Enigma of Space, Asian J Phys, 26(2017)149-158.

  3.   Gabor D, Theory of Communication, J Inst Elect Eng, 93(1946)429-437.

  4.   Dunn D, Yu F T S, Chapman C D, “Some Theoretical and Experimental Analysis with the Sound Spectrograph”, Communication Sciences Laboratory, Report 7, University of Michigan, August, 1966.

  5.   Yu F T S, Information Transmission with Quantum Limited Subspace, Asian J Phys, 27(2018)1-12.  

  6.   Gabor D, A New Microscope Principle, Nature, 161(1948)777-778.

  7.   Cultrona L J, Leith E N, Porcello L J, Vivian W E, On the application of Coherent Optical Processing Techniques to Synthetic-Aperture Radar, Proc IEEE, 54(1966)1026-1032.

  8.   Lugt A Vander, Signal detection by Complex Spatial Filtering, IEEE Trans Inform Theory, 10(1964)139-145; doi:10.1109/TIT.1964.1053650      

  9.   Yu F T S, Tai  A M, Chen H, One-step Rainbow Holography: Recent Development and Application, Opt Engg,  19(1980)666-678.

10.   Hunt A R, Use of a Frequency-Hopping Radar for Imaging and Motion Detection Through Walls,in IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,  47(2009)1402-1408.

11.   Yu F T S, Introduction to Diffraction, Information Processing and Holography, Chapter 10, (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.), 1973.

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 457-466

Three-dimensional correlation properties of speckles produced by diffractal-illuminated diffusers

 

Makram Ibrahim¹ and Jun Uozumi²

¹National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan 11421 Cairo, Egypt

²Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan

Three-dimensional correlation properties were studied experimentally for speckled-speckle patterns produced by a rough surface on which the speckle field due to a random fractal object is incident. The speckled speckles observed in some lateral planes with different propagation distances did not exhibit a definite speckle size, having many intensity clusters with various sizes which tend to increase with an increase of the fractal dimension of the fractal object. The fractality across the lateral planes was confirmed by the existence of a power-law behavior in the intensity correlation, and was practically independent of the propagation distance. The longitudinal fractality was also revealed by finding a nearly power-law behavior in the longitudinal intensity correlation. It was shown that the longitudinal fractal dimension was larger than the lateral fractal dimension for each dimension of the fractal object, indicating an anisotropic fractality of the speckle field. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Speckled speckle, Fractal speckle, Speckle clustering, Longitudinal correlation, Correlation tail, Power law

References

    1.    Vicsek T, Fractal Growth Phenomena, (World Scientific, Singapore),1992.
    2.    Takayasu H, Fractals in Physical Science, (Manchester University, Manchester),1990.
    3.    Berry M V, J Phys A:Math Gen,12(1979)781-797.
    4.    Uozumi J, Asakura T, Current Trends in Optics, (ed) Dainty J C, (Academic Press, London), 1994, pp 83-93.
    5.    Uozumi J, Asakura T, Optical Storage and Retrieval — Memory, Neural Networks, and Fractals, (eds) Yu F T S, Jutamulia S, (Marcel Dekker, New York),1996, pp 283-320.
    6.    Uno K, Uozumi J, Asakura T, Opt Commun, 124(1996)16-22.
    7.    Uozumi J, Ibrahim M, Asakura T, Opt Commun,156(1998)350-358.
    8.    Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Opt Express, 15(2007)7415-7422.
    9.    Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Engineering Research (Bull Grad Sch Eng, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ), 5 (2005)63-71.
    10.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, J Mod Opt, 54(2007)1511-1528.
    11.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Ishii Y, Opt Rev, 17(2010)191-194.
    12.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Aizu Y, J Opt, 15(2013) 035704; doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035704.
    13.  Miyasaka E, Uozumi J, Engineering Research (Bull Grad Sch Eng, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ), 12 (2012)12-23.
    14.  Uozumi J, Tsujino, Miyasaka E, Ibrahim M, Proc SPIE, 3749(1999)322-232.
    15.  Uozumi, Proc SPIE, 4242(2001)13-24.
    16.  O’Donnell K A, J Opt Soc Am A, 72(1982)1459-1463.
    17.  Barakat. R, Salawitch R J, Opt Acta, 33(1986)79-89.
    18.  Yoshimura T, Kato K, Nakagawa K, J Opt Soc Am A, 7(1990)2254-2259.
    19.  Yoshimura T, Fujiwara K, J Opt Soc Am A, 9(1992)91-95.
    20.  Okamoto T, Asakura T, Progress in Optics XXXIV, (ed) Wolf E (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 1995. 183-248.
    21.  Ibrahim M, Uozumi J, Asakura T, Opt Rev, 5(1998)129-137.

Three-dimensional correlation properties of speckles produced by diffractal-illuminated diffusers.pdf

Makram Ibrahim and Jun Uozumi

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 467-474

Laser light scattering from rough glass liquid interface:
a case study of screening of adulterated diesel oils

 

Kai-Erik Peiponen,Boniphace Kanyathare and Benjamin Asamoah

Light scattering is an important phenomenon in various technological applications. For the case of rough glass-liquid interface, it depends on the surface roughness and refractive index mismatch which leads to speckle pattern in the far field region, as well as wetting and variation in the local contact angle. The objective of this work was to study laser light scattering from both rough and smooth glass-liquid interfaces. This was accomplished using a modified handheld gloss meter (portable sensor) which enables recording of time-dependent backscattered laser light (TDBLL) through a software on an integrated laptop. As a feasibility study, authentic and adulterated diesel oils were considered. It is shown that, even though nonzero excess refractive index exists when diesel oils are mixed with kerosene, it has minor role in the dynamic process of liquid spreading. The spreading of liquid as well as excess refractive index depends on the intermolecular interactions which emerges in the measured signals. The different adulterated samples were ordered according to the increase in the volume of the adulterant (kerosene). Hence, the measured TDBLL signals for smooth and rough glass enables distinction between authentic and adulterated diesel oil samples.  © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Light scattering,Refractive index, Backscattered laser light (TDBLL), Kerosine oil

References

  1.  Asakura T, in  Surface roughness measurement, (ed) Erf K, (Academic Press. INC, New York) 1978, pp 11-49.

  2.   Kanyathare B, Peiponen K-E, Appl Opt, 57(2018)2997-3002.

  3.   Kanyathare B, Peiponen K-E, Sensors, 18(2018)1551; doi.org/10.3390/s18051551

  4.   David R, Neumann A W, Langmuir, 29(2013)4551-4558.

  5.   Wolansky G, Marmur A, Langmuir, 14(1998)5292-5297.

  6.   Rosenholm J B, Peiponen K-E, Gornov E, Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 141(2008)48-65.

  7.   Kuivalainen K, Oksman A, Juuti M, Myller K, Peiponen K-E, Opt Rev, 17(2010)248-251.

  8.   Kanyathare B, Kuivalainen K, Räty J, Silfsten P, Bawuah P, Peiponen K.-E, JEOS:RP,14(2018)1-6.

  9.   Tanner L H, Opt Laser Technol, 8(1976)11-116.

10.   Rahimi P, Ward C A, Microgravity Sci Technol, 16(2005)231-235.

11.   Marmur A, J Colloid Interface Sci, 168(1994)40-46.

Laser light scattering from rough glass liquid interface: a case study of screening of adulterated diesel oils.pdf

Kai-Erik Peiponen, Boniphace Kanyathare and Benjamin Asamoah

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 475-482

Optimal digitization of one-dimensional dynamic speckle signals for object identification

 

Takashi Okamoto and Jun Mizobe

We investigate a method of object identification using dynamic laser speckles to identify scattering objects such as paper or plastic cards. The effects of sampling interval and quantization level of the speckle signals on authentication performance are examined by using the equal error rate (EER) as a measure of the accuracy of object identification. It is observed that a sampling interval of more than the correlation length of speckle fluctuations and a quantization of two or three bits offers the lowest EER for data sizes ranging from 100 to 500 bytes. The optimal quantization bit number is verified by experiments using plastic cards. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

References

  1.   Herder, C., Yu, M.-D., Koushanfar, F., and Devadas, S., “Physical unclonable functions and applications: A tutorial,” Procd IEEE, 102(2014)1126-1141.

  2.   Carnicer A, Javidi B, Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures, Adv Opt Photon,9(2017)218-256.

  3.   Pappu R, Recht B, Taylor J, Gershenfeld N, Physical one-way functions, Science, 297(2002)2026-030.

  4.   Buchanan J D R, Cowburn R P, Jausovec A.-V, Petit D, Seem, P, Xiong G, Atkinson D, Fenton K, Allwood D A, Bryan M T, Forgery: ‘Fingerprinting’  documents and packaging, Nature, 436(2005)475; doi.org/10.1038/436475a

  5.   Škorić B, On the entropy of keys derived from laser speckle; Statistical properties of Gabor-transformed speckle, J Opt A: Pure Appl Opt, 10(2008)055304; doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/10/5/055304          

  6.   Matoba O, Sawasaki T, Nitta K, Optical authentication method using a three-dimensional phase object with various wavelength readouts, Appl Opt, 47(2008)4400-4404.

  7.   Seem P R, Buchanan J D R,  Cowburn R P, Impact of surface roughness on laser surface authentication signatures under linear and rotational displacements, Opt Lett, 34(2009)3175-3177.

  8.   Yamakoshi M, Rong X, Matsumoto T, An artifact-metrics which utilizes laser speckle patterns for plastic ID card surface, Procd SPIE, 7618(2010)76180B;  doi.org/10.1117/12.842237

  9.    Yeh C H, Lee G, Lin C Y, Robust laser speckle authentication system through data mining techniques, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,11(2015)50-512.

Optimal digitization of one-dimensional dynamic speckle signals for object identification.pdf

Takashi Okamoto and Jun Mizobe

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 485-489

Joint transform correlation of compressed digital images

 

Joewono Widjaja

School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology

Joint transform correlator (JTC) of digitally compressed images is studied by using low-contrast retinal fundus images. Simulation results show that the JTC has reliable recognition performance even though the compressed retinal images have low contrast and are corrupted by noise. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Joint transform correlator (JTC), Real-time JTC, Retinal images, Pixels

References

    1.   Yu FTS, Jutamulia S, Lin TW, Gregory DA, Appl Opt, 26(1987)1370-1372.
    2.   Jutamulia S, in Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering, (Marcel Dekker, New York), 2003, p. 984.
    3.   Alsamman A R, Alam M S, Opt Eng, 42(2003)560; doi.org/10.1117/1.1534589
    4.   Widjaja J, Appl Opt, 46(2007)8278-8283
    5.   Hill R B, in Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society, (Springer, New York), 1999, p 123.
    6.   Jain A K, Ross A, Prabhakar S, IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol, 14(2004)4-20.
    7.   Widjaja J, Suripon U, Opt Eng, 50(2011)098201; doi.org/10.1117/1.3626205
    8.   Pennebaker W B, Mitchell J L, JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard, (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York), 1993.
    9.   Roberge D, Sheng Y, Appl Opt, 33(1983)5287-5293

Joint transform correlation of compressed digital images.pdf

Joewono Widjaja

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 491-501

Heat and density induced optical nonlinearities of Chinese tea extract

 

Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan¹, Hirofumi Kadono², Kai -E Peiponen³ and Timo Jaaskelainen³

¹Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

²Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan

³The University of Eastern Finland Joensuu, Finland

It has been reported that a Chinese tea dissolved in alcohol can produce very strong phase modulation. In this research work, we propose a self-align phase filter utilizing the phase modulation capability of Chinese tea. We have analyzed the spatial resolution characteristics in order to investigate the origin behind the optical nonlinearity of Chinese tea. A theoretical model has been presented based on the effects of thermal and density gradients. Our experimental results show clear evidence for the existence of density variations apart from the thermal variations to be the reason for the nonlinear effects observed in Chinise tea. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Chinese tea, Optical nonlinearity, Phase modulation, Phase filter, Density gradients, Thermal gradients

References

  1.   Zhang H J, Dai J H, Wang P Y, Wu L A, Opt Lett, 14(1989)695-696.

  2.   Lin H H, Korpel A, Mehr D, Anderson D A, Opt News, (Dec 1989), p 55.

  3.   He K X, Abdeldayam H, Sekhar P C, Venkateswarelu P, George M C, Opt Commun, 81(1991)101-105.

  4.   Tian J G, Zhang C, Zhang G, Optik, 90(1992)1-3.

  5.   Peiponen K E, Rajgopalan Uma M, Jaaskelainen T, Gu C, Am J Phys, 61(1993)937-938.

  6.   Tian J G, Zhang C, Zhang G, Li J, Appl Opt, 32(1993)6628-6632.

  7.   Kadono H, Ogusu M, Toyooka S, Opt Commun, 110(1994)391-400.

  8.   Hu C,  Whinnery J R, Appl Opt, 12(1973)72-79.

  9.   Sheldon S J, Knight L V, Thome J M, Appl Opt, 21(1982)1663-1669.

10.   Cheung Y M, Gayen S K, J Opt Soc Am B, 11(1994)636-643.

11.          Hoque E, Biswas M K, Somadder A, Faruk M O, Sharif S M, Chawdhury N, Das S K, Haque Y, J Opt, 42(2013) 286-290.

Heat and density induced optical nonlinearities of Chinese tea extract.pdf

Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, Hirofumi Kadono, Kai -E Peiponen and Timo Jaaskelainen

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 503-513

Effects of detection area on measurements of spectral
reflectance in human skin tissue

 

Tomonori Yuasa¹, Yuta Kobori¹, Kaustav Das¹,  Takaaki Maeda²,

Hideki Funamizu¹,  and  Yoshihisa Aizu¹

¹Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan

²Kushiro National College of Technology, Kushiro, Hokkaido 084-0916, Japan

Measurement of spectral reflectance of skin is influenced by the size of the detection area in a spectrophotometer. We investigate changes in the spectral reflectance curve and photon fluence in a visible wavelength range by using Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in a nine-layered skin tissue model. Reflected light component in the longer wavelength range broadens on the skin surface, and is subject to be missed if the detecting aperture is small.  This component should be detected properly enough to measure accurate spectral reflectance. An experiment was conducted to discuss spectral characteristics with respect to size of the detection area.  © Anita Publications. All rights reserved..

Keywords: spectral reflectance, human skin, Monte Carlo simulation

References

  1.   Tuchin V, Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis. (SPIE-The International Society for  Optical Engineering,Washington DC), 2000, Chap 1, p3.

  2.   Stratonnikov A A, Loschenov V B, J Biomed Opt, 6(2001)457; doi.org/10.1117/1.1411979

  3.   Nishidate I, Aizu Y, Mishina H, J Biomed Opt, 9(2004)700; doi.org/10.1117/1.1756918

  4.   Iwai T, Kimura G, Opt Rev, 7(2000)436-441;

  5.   Jacques S L, Saidi I S, Tittel F K, Proc SPIE, 2128(1994)231-237.

  6.   Nishidate I, Aizu Y, Mishina H, Opt Rev, 10(2003)427-435.

  7.   Masuda Y, Yamashita T, Hirao T, Takahashi M, Skin Res Technol, 15(2009)224-229; doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00359.x

  8.   Wang L, Jacques S L, Zheng L Q, Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 47(1995)131-146.

  9.   Maeda T, Arakawa N, Takahashi M, Aizu Y, Opt Rev, 17(2010)223-229.

10.   Van Gemert M J C, Jacques S L, Sterenborg H J C M, Star W M, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 36(1989)1146-1154.

11.    Meglinski I V, Matcher S J, Physiol Meas, 23(2002)741; doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/23/4/312

12.    Meglinski I V, Matcher S J, Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 70(2003)179-186; doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2607(02)00099-8

Effects of detection area on measurements of spectral reflectance in human skin tissue.pdf

Tomonori Yuasa, Yuta Kobori, Kaustav Das, Takaaki Maeda, Hideki Funamizu and Yoshihisa Aizu

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 515-528

Correlation properties of fractal speckles in the Fresnel diffraction region

 

Kenji Tsujino¹ and Jun Uozumi^{2, *}

¹Department of Physics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan

²Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan

Three-dimensional correlation properties were studied theoretically and experimentally for fractal speckles produced in the Fresnel diffraction field. In the theoretical analysis, speckle patterns produced by a rough surface illuminated with coherent light with a power-law intensity distribution are assumed. It is shown that the intensity correlation in the longitudinal direction has different power law from the correlation across lateral planes. In the experiment, speckled-speckles were produced by a rough surface on which the speckle field due to a random fractal object is incident and their correlation properties were examined. The speckles observed in some lateral planes with different propagation distances did not exhibit a definite speckle size, having many intensity clusters with various sizes which tend to increase with an increase in the fractal dimension of the fractal object. The fractality across the lateral planes was confirmed by the existence of a power-law behavior in the intensity correlation,and was practically independent of the propagation distance. The longitudinal fractality was also revealed by a nearly power-law behavior in the longitudinal intensity correlation. It was shown that the longitudinal fractal dimension was larger than the lateral one for each dimension of the fractal object, indicating anisotropic fractality of the speckle field. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: fractal speckle, Fresnel diffraction, axial correlation, anisotropic fractals, correlation tail, power law

Total Refs

  1.   Mandelbrot B B, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, (Freeman, San Francisco, 1982).

  2.   Feder J, Fractals, (Plenum, New York, 1988).

  3.   Vicsek T, Fractal Growth Phenomena, (World Scientific, 1989).

  4.   Berry M V, J Phys A: Math Gen, 12(1979)781-797.

  5.   Konotop V V, Yordanov O I, Yurkevich I V, Europhys Lett, 12(1990)481-485.

  6.   Nicola S D, Opt Commun, 111(1994)11-17.

  7.   Konotop V V, Phys Rev A, 43(1991)1352-1357.

  8.   Uozumi J, Kimura H, Asakura T, J Mod Opt, 37(1990)1011-1031.

  9.   Uozumi J, Kimura H, Asakura T, Waves in Random Media, 1(1991)73-80.

10.   Uozumi J, Asakura T, Current Trends in Optics, (ed) Dainty J C, (Academic, London, 1994), 83-93.

11.   Uozumi J, Asakura T, Optical Storage and Retrieval — Memory, Neural Networks, and Fractals, (ed) Yu F T S, Jutamulia S, (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996), 283-320.

12.   Uno K, Uozumi J, Asakura T, Opt Commun, 124(1996)16-22.

13.   Uozumi J, Ibrahim M, Asakura T, Opt Commun, 156(1998)350-358.

14.   Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Opt Express, 15(2007)7415-7422.

15.   Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Engineering Research, Bull Grad Sch Eng, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ, 5(2005)63-71.

16.   Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Ishii Y, Opt Rev, 17(2010)191-194.

17.   Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Aizu Y, J Opt, 15(2013)035704; doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035704.

18.   Funamizu H, Uozumi J, J Mod Opt, 54(2007)1511-1528.

19.   Miyasaka E, Uozumi J, Engineering Research, Bull Grad Sch Eng, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ, 12(2012)12-23.

20.   Uozumi J, Tsujino, Miyasaka E, Ibrahim M, Proc SPIE, 3749(1999)322-232.

21.   Uozumi J, Proc SPIE, 3904(1999)320-331.

22.   Uozumi J, Proc SPIE, 4242(2001)13-24.

23.   Uozumi J, Proc SPIE, 4607(2002)257-267.

24.   Goodman J W, Laser speckle and related phenomena,2nd enlarged edition, (ed) Dainty J C, (Springer, Berlin, 1984), Chap 2.

25.   Fisher M E, Burford R J, Phys Rev, 156(1967)583-622.

26.   Dogariu A, Uozumi J, Asakura T, J Mod Opt, 41(1994)729-738.

Correlation properties of fractal speckles in the Fresnel diffraction region.pdf

Kenji Tsujino and Jun Uozumi

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 529-539

Development and performance evaluation of portable light therapy apparatus
for improvement of sleep and wakefulness

 

Tomonori Yuasa¹, Jun Miura², Yasunori Sugai³, Yousuke Ito³ and Yoshihisa Aizu¹

¹Muroran Institute of Technology,.27-1, Mizumoto, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan

²Hokkaido University of Science,7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan

³DENSEI COMMUNICATION Inc, 8-13, Kouei, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 067-0051, Japan

We have recently developed a portable light therapy apparatus for improvement of sleep quality and wakefulness. To design fundamental specification of this apparatus and evaluate its performance, we conducted some preliminary experiments using a self-made head model for measurement of illumination in eyeball. We also employed iPad-based psychodiagnostic test for evaluating sleep quality. The experimental results demonstrate usefulness of the developed portable light therapy apparatus.©Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Light therapy, Sleep quality, Wakefulness, Blue light

Development and performance evaluation of portable light therapy apparatus for improvement of sleep and wakefulness.pdf

Tomonori Yuasa, Jun Miura, Yasunori Sugai, Yousuke Ito and Yoshihisa Aizu

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 541-548

Overview of miniature CMOS camera and its applications

 

Suganda Jutamulia and Lequn (Jennifer) Liu

University of Northern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering

1129 Industrial Avenue Petaluma, CA 94952

Miniature CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) cameras are applied to  smart phones, medical devices, and automobiles. The paper overviews the operation and structure of CMOS image sensor. The paper also presents the wafer level camera module including CMOS image sensor and wafer level lens.  © Anita Publications. All rights reserved..

Keywords: CMOS image sensor, Wafer level lens, Wafer level camera.

Overview of miniature CMOS camera and its applications.pdf

Suganda Jutamulia and Lequn (Jennifer) Liu

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 549-561

Topographic imaging of skin subsurface bleeding in a recovery process
using diffuse reflectance images

 

Takaaki Maeda¹, Izumi Nishidate², Tomonori Yuasa³, and Yoshihisa Aizu³

¹Kushiro National College of Technology, Kushiro, Hokkaido 084-0916, Japan

²Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,Tokyo 184-8588, Japan

³Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan

A method is proposed for measuring the depth and thickness of skin subsurface bleeding using diffuse reflectance images at two isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin, 420 and 585 or 800 nm, at which absorbing coefficients of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin have the same value. Monte Carlo simulation is used to investigate characteristic curves of the absorbance versus depth or thickness. These curves are formulated by exponential approximation which is adaptive to individual variations of melanin in epidermis and hemoglobin in dermis. Experiments with skin tissue phantoms were carried out to show the ability of the method. The method is capable for measuring the depth smaller than 700-800 μm and the thickness smaller than 350-400 μm in blood concentration lower than about 20 %. By this ability, the method was successfully applied to topographic imaging of the internal bleeding in skin subsurface tissue of human forearm, particularly in a recovery process. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Diffuse reflectance, Skin tissue, Absorbance, Isosbestic wavelengths

Topographic imaging of skin subsurface bleeding in a recovery process using diffuse reflectance images.pdf

Takaaki Maeda, Izumi Nishidate, Tomonori Yuasa, and Yoshihisa Aizu

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 563-571

Statistics of derivatives of intensity and phase in fractal speckles

 

Hideki Funamizu¹ and Jun Uozumi²

 ¹Division of Production Systems Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1

Mizumoto, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan

²Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan

Statistical properties of the derivatives of the intensity and phase in fractal speckles are investigated theoretically. To obtain the statistics, we derive two key parameters in the joint density function of speckle intensity, phase and their derivatives with respect to x and y. These parameters in fractal speckles are given by performing the integration of a negative power function, which corresponds to an intensity distribution incident on a diffuser for producing fractal speckles. In relation to these two parameters, we also derive a correlation area in fractal speckles. The results show that the two parameters and the correlation area in fractal speckles obey power functions related to the negative power exponent in the function of the intensity profile incident on the diffuser. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

References

    1.    Uno K, Uozumi J, Asakura T, Opt Commun, 124(1996)16-22.
    2.    Uozumi J, Ibrahim M, Asakura T, Opt Commun, 156(1998)350-358.
    3.    Uozumi J, Proc SPIE, 4607(2002)257-267.
    4.    Miyasaka E, Uozumi J, Eng Res Bull Grad School Eng, Hokkai-Gakuen Univ, 12(2012)13-23.
    5.    Okamoto T, Fujita S, J Opt Soc Am A, 25(2008)3030-3042.
    6.    Funamizu H,Uozumi J, J Mod Opt, 54 (2007) 1511-1528.
    7.    Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Opt Commun, 281(2008) 543-549.
    8.    Funamizu H, Uozumi J, J Opt A: Pure Appl Opt, 10 (2008), Article number 025004 1-7.
    9.    Uozumi J, Proc SPIE, 4829(2002)603-604.
    10.  Goodman J W, Speckle phenomena in Optics, (Colorad: Roberts & Company, 2006).
    11.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Opt Express,15 (2007)7415-7422.
    12.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Ishii Y, Opt Rev, 17(2010)191-194.
    13.  Funamizu H, Uozumi J, Aizu Y, J Opt, 15(2013); 035704; doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035704
    14.  Goodman J W, Fourier Optics, (Colorad: Roberts & Company, 2005).
    15.  Grandshteyn I S, Ryzhik I M, Table of Integrals, Series and Products, (New York: Academic Press, 2007).
    16.  Fisher M E, Burford R J, Phys Rev, 156(1967)583-622.
    17.  Abramowitz M, Stegun I A, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, (New York: Dover Publications, INC., 1965).

Statistics of derivatives of intensity and phase in fractal speckles.pdf

Hideki Funamizu and Jun Uozumi

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 573-585

Phase-controlled fractional derivatives for near infrared spectral processing

 

Jun Uozumi

Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan

As an extension of fractional derivatives, phase-controlled fractional derivative is proposed by modifying the phase factor of the filter function in the definition of the fractional differentiation in view of the application to the spectral data analysis in near infrared spectroscopy. This process can control the degree of enhancing tiny peaks and the degree of peak shift independently and continuously. It is therefore possible to obtain, for example, a derivative spectrum having peak shift similar to the first derivative and peak thinning and enhancement similar to the second derivative, which gives better peak separation than conventional and fractional derivatives do. Properties of fractional derivatives and fractional absolute derivatives are also revisited as a base of introducing the phase-controlled fractional derivatives. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: fractional derivative, derivative spectroscopy,near infrared spectroscopy, peak enhancement

References
    1.    Podlubny I, Fractional Differential Equations, (Academic Press, San Diego), 1999.            .
    2.    Diethelm K, The Analysis of Fractional Differential Equations: An Application-Oriented Exposition Using Differential Operators of Caputo Type, (Springer; Berlin), 2010.
    3.    Ortigueira M D, Fractional Calculus for Scientists and Engineers, (Springer, Dordrecht), 2013.
    4.    Siesler H W, Ozaki Y, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications, (Wiley, Weinhelm), 2002.
    5.    Schmitt J H, Appl Spectrosc, 52(1998)840-846.
    6.    Tseng C-C, Pei S-C, Hsia S-C, Sig Proc, 80(2000)151-159.
    7.    Buslov D K, Appl Spectrosc, 58(2004)1302-1307.
    8.    Uozumi J, Ogasawara H, Proc Japan-Thailand Joint Symp Nondestruct Eval Technol, (2004)103-110.
    9.    Uozumi J, Murata M, Proc Japan-Korea Joint Symp Near Infrared Spectrosc, (2006)195-200.
    10.  Uozumi J, Abstract 22nd NIR Forum, (2006)113-116 (in Japanese).
    11.  Gradshteyn I S, Ryzhik I M, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Seventh Edition, (Academic Press,San Diego), 2007.
    12.  Uozumi J, Proc Second Asian NIR Symp (ANS2010), (2010)17–18.
    13.  Uozumi J, Tanaka T, Saarinen J J, Proc Third Asian NIR Symp (ANS2012), (2012)196–197.
    14.  Tong P, Du Y, Zheng K, Wu T, Wang J, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,143(2015)40-48.
    15.  Uozumi J, Kawakami Y, Proc 14th Internat Conf NIR Spectrosc, (2009)855-861.

Phase-controlled fractional derivatives for near infrared spectral processing.pdf

Jun Uozumi

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 587-595

Reflectivity enhancement through appropriate sized gold particles for optical

coherence tomography in functional imaging applications

We propose a method for enhancing the reflectivity of optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals through introduction of gold nano particles into the sample under study. The radius of the gold nano particles that gives maximum backscattering at an illuminating wavelength and a certain index of the medium can be determined based on Mie scattering theory. We have demonstrated our proposal by phantom experiments done with gold particles suspended in agarose mixed with intra-lipid. We could clearly see an enhancement in OCT reflectivity by a factor of 4 at a wavelength of 1310 nm and for a gold nano particle of radius 125 nm. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Optical coherence tomography, Scattering, gold nano particles, reflectivity, enhancement, Mie scattering
References
    1.    Huang D, Swanson E A, Lin C P, Schuman S, Stinson W G, Chang W, Hee M R, Flotte T, Gregory K, Puliafito C A, Fujimoto J G, Science, 254(1991)1178-1181.
    2.    Wojtkowski M, Appl Opt, 49(2010)D30-D61.
    3.    Drexler W, Fujimoto J G (eds), Optical Coherence Tomography, (Springer-Verlag), 2008.
    4.    Bouma B E, Tearney G J (eds), Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography, (Marcel Dekker), 2002.
    5.    Rajagopalan Uma Maheswari, Takaoka H, Homma R, Tanifuji M, J Neurosci Methods, 124(2003)83-92.
    6.    Rajagopalan Uma Maheswari, Tanifuji M, Opt Lett, 32(2007)2614-2616.
    7.    Hyder F (ed), Methods in Molecular biology: Dynamic Brain Imaging, (Human Press), 2009, pp.111-132.
    8.    Lazebnik M, Marks D L, Potgieter K, Gillette R, Boppart S A, Opt Lett, 28(2003)1218-1220.
    9.    Yao X.- C, Yamauchi Perry A, B, George J. S, Appl Opt, 44(2005)2019-2023.
    10.  Bizheva K, Pflug R, Hermann B, Povazay B, Sattmann H, Qiu P, Anger E, Reitsamer H, Popov S, Taylor J R, Unterhuber A, Ahnelt P, Drexler W, Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 103(2006)5066-5071.
    11.  Srinivasan V J, Wojtkowski M, Fujimoto J G, Duker J S, Opt Lett, 31(2006)2308-2310.
    12.  Bohren C F, Huffman D R, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc), 1983.
    13.  Kerker M, The scattering of light and other electromagnetic radiation, (Acdemic Press, New York), 1969.
    14.  Ishimaru A, Wave propagation and scattering in random media, (IEEE Press, New York), 1978.
    15.  Born M, Wolf E, Principles of Optics, (Pergammon Press, Oxford), 1980.
  16.  Rajagopalan Uma Maheswari, Kadono H, Tanifuji M, Optical coherence tomographic imaging system for investigating cortical functional organization of brain: a simulation study, Proc SPIE, Vol 3749, (1999); doi.org/10.1117/12.354805.

Reflectivity enhancement through appropriate sized gold particles for optical coherence tomography in functional imaging applications.pdf

Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, Shunsuke Uematsu, Hirofumi Kadono and Manabu Tanifuji

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 597-602

Photon-counting and sparsity-based optical authentication and verification schemes

 

Areeba Fatima and Naveen K Nishchal

Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna

Bihar, Patna-801 103, India

Optical information security is a widely researched field and optical authentication and verification schemes form an integral part of it. This paper reviews the two most widely used approaches to develop the authentication systems, namely, the photon-counting technique and the sparsity-based technique. The methodology of each category is discussed with its benefits. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Authentication, Sparsity of matrices, Photon counting, Nonlinear correlator

Total Refs : 21

Photon-counting and sparsity-based optical authentication and verification schemes.pdf

Areeba Fatima and Naveen K Nishchal

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 603-610

Photorefractive optical processing in a correlator by two-wave mixing

with a beam-propagation analysis

 

Yukihiro Ishii^1,2 and Takeshi Takahashi³

¹Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan

²Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan

³Department of Electronic and Information Systems Engineering, Polytechnic University,
Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0035, Japan

Enhance Fourier-transformed spectra of an object with high-frequency components by a photorefractive BaTiO₃ two-wave mixing are imaged on a phase-only filter of a reference object displayed by a liquid-crystal spatial phase modulator. Beam propagation inside a crystal includes to show an actual process in a two-wave mixing process. The experiments with the high-discrimination capability on the correlation performance are shown. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords : Photorefractive optics, Two-wave mixing, Angular spectrum, Holographic correlator,Pattern recognition.

References

    1.    Francis T S Yu, Jutamulia S, Yin S, Introduction to Information Optics, (Academic Press, San Diego), 2001.
    2.    Javidi B, Appl Opt,  28(1989)2358-2367.
    3.    Horner J L, Gianino P D, Appl Opt, 23(1984)812-816.
    4.    Ishii Y, Takahashi T,  Kobayashi M, Opt Commun, 132(1996)153-160.
    5.    Takahashi T, Ishii Y, Appl Opt, 36(1997)1073-1085.
    6.    Ersoy O K, Zeng M, J  Opt  Soc  Am  A, 6(1989)636-648.
    7.    Nomura T, Itoh K, Matsuoka K, Ichioka Y, Opt Lett, 15(1990) 810-811.
    8.    Uhrich C, Hesselink L, Appl  Opt, 27(1988)4497-4503.
    9.    Solymar L, Webb D J, Grunnet-Jepsen A, The physics and applications of photorefractive materials, (Clarendon Press, Oxford), 1996, Chap. 10.
  10.    Khoury J, Cronin-Golomb M, Gianino P, Woods C, J Opt  Soc Am  B, 11(1994)2167-2174.
  11.    Pati G S, Tripathi R, Singh K, Opt Commun,151(1998)268-272.
  12.    Tripathi R, Pati G S, Singh K, Opt Eng, 37(1998)2148; doi.org/10.1117/1.601718
  13.    Koukourakis N, Abdelwahab T, Li M Y, Höpfner H, Lai Y W, Darakis E, Brenner C, Gerhardt  N, Hofmann M, Opt Express, 19 (2011)22004-22023. 
  14.    Ishii Y, Takahashi T, Proc SPIE, 5206(2003)90; doi.org/10.1117/12.508124
  15.    Pepper D M, Appl Phys Lett, 49(1998)1001-1003
  16.    Ford J E, Fainman Y, Lee S H, Appl Opt, 28(1989)4808-4815.
  17.    Yeh P, Introduction to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics, Sect. 4.1.1, (Wiley, New York), 1993, .
  18.    Rigler A K, Pegis R J, Optimization methods in optics in The computer in optical research, Topics in applied physics, Volume 41, Frieden B R(Ed), (springer, Berlin),1980.
  19.    Ahouzi E, Campos J, Chałasinska-Macukow K, Yzuel M J, Opt. Commun,110(1994)27-32.
  20.    Goodman J, Introduction to Fourier optics, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd Ed.) 1996, p57.

Photorefractive optical processing in a correlator by two-wave mixing with a beam-propagation analysis.pdf

Yukihiro Ishii and Takeshi Takahashi

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 625-636

Nanocomposite luminescent solar concentrators: Optics for green energy

 

Abdalla M Darwish^*,Sergey S Sarkisov^† and Darayas N Patel^‡

^*Physics and Engineering Department, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA70122

^†SSS Optical Technologies, LLC, Huntsville, AL35816

^‡Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Oakwood University, Huntsville, AL35896

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are the windows or coatings of the windows that convert the invisible, ultraviolet (UV) part of the sun spectrum into near-infrared (NIR) radiation used to generate electricity by conventional silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells attached to the window edges. They have the potential of being used as the source of electricity in self-sustaining buildings in dense urban environment without compromising their aesthetics. This paper presents polymer nanocomposite films doped with the nanoparticles of rare-earth (RE)-doped fluoride phosphor NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ (molar proportion: a = 3% of Er³⁺, b = 1 to 5% of Er³⁺, and [100% – (a + b)] of Y³⁺) suitable for efficient LSCs. The films are deposited using the concurrent multi-beam multi-target pulsed laser deposition of the inorganic target material and matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation of the polymer (CMBMT-PLD/MAPLE). Polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) known as PMMA was evaporated and deposited on a glass windows from its solution in chlorobenzene frozen in liquid nitrogen with the 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser concurrently with the inorganic phosphor target ablated with the 2-nd harmonic (532 nm) of the same laser.  In the proposed LSC film the sun light is absorbed by the phosphor nanoparticles embedded in the polymer film and converted in NIR radiation via the mechanism of down -conversion (quantum cutting). The NIR radiation propagates via the glass plate as a light guide towards the edges with attached PV cells. The advantage of the proposed polymer nanocomposite LSCs is a broadband absorption covering a significant portion of the solar short-wave radiation, high spectral conversion efficiency, and low reabsorption due to minimal overlap between the absorption and emission spectra (large Stokes shift). The power concentration factor is expected to be of the order of 10. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Total Refs : 44

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 637-645

Asymmetric audio encryption system based on Arnold transform
and random decomposition

 

Anjana Savita¹, Phool Singh², A K Yadav³ and Kehar Singh¹

¹Department of Applied Sciences, The North Cap University, Gurugram- 122 017, India

²Department of Mathematics (SOET), Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-609 602, India

³Department of Applied Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon-122 413, India

An asymmetric audio enciphering scheme using Arnold transform and random decomposition in Fourier domain is proposed. An input audio file is first converted to an image and then after scrambling its pixels using Arnold transform, is subjected to random decomposition twice in the Fourier domain. The complex-valued masks thus obtained by random decomposition after Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms act as private keys. The proposed scheme of audio encryption is secure enough against various basic attacks such as KPA, CPA, COA, and specific attack for asymmetric systems. The scheme is validated for an audio file using MATLAB 2017a. The sensitivity of the cryptosystem relative to the encryption parameters is also tested. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Audio encryption, random decomposition, Arnold transforms, asymmetric cryptosystem.

  1.   Refregier P, Javidi B, Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding, Opt Lett, 20(1995)767-769.

  2.   Unnikrishnan G, Singh K, Double random fractional Fourier-domain encoding for optical security, Opt Eng,39(2000) 2853-2859.

  3.   Tao R, Xin Y, Wang Y, Double image encryption based on random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier domain, Opt Express, 15(2007)16067-16079.

  4.   Qin W, Peng X, Asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms, Opt Lett, 35(2010)118-120.

  5.   Singh H, Yadav A K, Vashisth S, Singh K, Double phase-image encryption using gyrator transforms, and structured phase mask in the frequency plane, Opt Lasers Eng, 67(2015)145-156.

  6.   Singh P, Yadav A K, Singh K, Phase image encryption in the fractional Hartley domain using Arnold transform and singular value decomposition, Opt Lasers Eng, 91(2017)187-195.

  7.   Singh P, Yadav A, Singh K, Color image encryption using affine transform in fractional Hartley domain, Opt Appl, 47(2017)421-433.

  8.   Liu Z, She Li S, Liu W, Wang Y, Liu S, Image encryption algorithm by using fractional Fourier transform and pixel scrambling operation based on double random phase encoding, Opt Lasers Eng, 51(2013)8-14.

  9.   Singh P, Yadav A K, Singh K, Saini I, Optical image encryption in the fractional Hartley domain, using Arnold transform and singular value decomposition, AIP Conf Proc,1802(2017)020017-1–7.               

10.   Anjana S, Saini I, Singh P, Yadav A K, Asymmetric Cryptosystem Using Affine Transform in Fourier Domain, In: Bhattacharyya S et al., eds. Advanced Computational and Communication Paradigms, (Singapore: Springer Singapore), 2018, p. 29–37.            

11.   Saini I, Singh P, Yadav A K, Analysis of Lorenz-chaos and exclusive-OR based image encryption scheme, Int J Soc Comput Cyber-Phys Syst, 2(2017)59-72.

12.   Cai J, Shen X, Lei M, Lin C, Dou S, Asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition, Opt Lett,  40(2015)475-478.

13.   Fatima A, Mehra I, Nishchal N K, Optical image encryption using equal modulus decomposition and multiple diffractive imaging, J Opt, 18(2016)085701; doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/8/085701

14.   Xu H, Xu W, Wang S, Wu S, Asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on modulus decomposition in Fresnel domain, Opt Commun, 402(2017)302-310.

15.   Wang Y, Quan C, Tay C J, New method of attack and security enhancement on an asymmetric cryptosystem based on equal modulus decomposition, Appl  Opt, 55(2016)679-686.

16.   Kumar R, Bhaduri B, Hennelly B, QR code-based non-linear image encryption using Shearlet transform and spiral phase transform, J Mod Opt,  65(2018)321-330.

17.   Sridharan S, Dawson E, Goldburg B, Fast Fourier transform based speech encryption system, IEE Proc Commun, Speech Vis, 138(1991)215-223; doi: 10.1049/ip-i-2.1991.0029

18.   Ma F, Cheng J, Wang Y, Wavelet transform-based analogue speech scrambling scheme, Electron. Lett, 32(1996) 719-721.

19.   Sheu L J, A speech encryption using fractional chaotic systems, Nonlinear Dyn, 65(2011)103-108.

20.   Sathiyamurthi P, Ramakrishnan S, Speech encryption using chaotic shift keying for secured speech communication, EURASIP J Audio Speech Music Process, 2017(2017)20-1–11.

21.   Shahadi H I, Covert communication model for speech signals based on an indirect and adaptive encryption technique, Comput Electr Eng, 68(2018)425-436.

22.   Rajput S K, Matoba O, Optical voice encryption based on digital holography, Opt Lett, 42(2017)4619-4622.

23.   Peng X, Wei H, Zhang P, Chosen-plaintext attack on lensless double-random phase encoding in the Fresnel domain, Opt Lett, 31(2006)3261-3263.

24.   Peng X, Zhang P, Wei H, Yu B, Known-plaintext attack on optical encryption based on double random phase keys, Opt Lett, 31(2006)1044-1046.

25.   Kumar P, Kumar A, Joseph J, Singh K, Vulnerability of the security enhanced double random phase-amplitude encryption scheme to point spread function   attack, Opt Lasers Eng, 50(2012)1196-1201.

26.   Carnicer A, Montes-Usategui M, Arcos S, Juvells I, Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of optical encryption schemes based on double random phase   keys, Opt Lett, 30(2005)1644-1646.

27.   Liu X, Wu J, He W, Liao M, Zhang C, Peng X, Vulnerability to ciphertext-only attack of optical encryption scheme based on double random phase encoding,  Opt Express, 23(2015)18955-18968.

28.   Zhang Y, Xiao D, Wen W, Liu H, Vulnerability to chosen-plaintext attack of a general optical encryption model with the architecture of scrambling-then-  double random phase encoding, Opt Lett, 38(2013)4506-4509.

29.   Qin W, Peng X, Vulnerability to known-plaintext attack of optical encryption schemes based on two fractional Fourier transform order keys and double random phase keys, J Opt Pure Appl Opt, 11(2009)075402-1–8; doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/11/7/075402.

30.   Wang X, Zhao D, A special attack on the asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms, Opt Commun, 285(2012)1078-1081.

31.   Wang X, Chen Y, Dai C, Zhao D, Discussion and a new attack of the optical asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transform, Appl Opt, 53(2014)208-213.

32.   Wang Y, Quan C, Tay C J, Improved method of attack on an asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transform, Appl Opt, 54(2015)6874-6881.

33.   Jiao S, Li G, Zhou C, Zou W, Li X, Special ciphertext-only attack to double random phase encryption by plaintext shifting with speckle correlation, J Opt Soc Am A, 35(2018)A1–A6; doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.35.0000A1

34.   Barfungpa S P, Abuturab M R, Asymmetric cryptosystem using coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition of fractional Fourier spectrum, Opt Quant Electron, 48(2016)520-1–15.

35.   Fatima A, Nishchal N K, Equal modulus decomposition based asymmetric optical cryptosystems, In: Al Falou A, ed. Advanced Secure Optical Image  Processing for Communications. (IOP Publishing), 2018, pp. 5–1 to 5–15.12.2018;

Asymmetric audio encryption system based on Arnold transform and random decomposition.pdf

Anjana Savita, Phool Singh, A K Yadav and Kehar Singh

 

Asian Journal of Physics

Vol. 27 Nos 9-12 (2018) 647-652

M N Saha and the Physics Nobel Prize – Celebrating
M N Saha’s 125^th Birth Anniversary

 

Rajinder Singh

Meghnad Saha alias M N Saha (1893-1956) is known for the development of the Saha-ionisation equation, which made it possible to calculate the ionization energy for elements under known pressure and temperature; and with that to explain the structure of stars [1-4]. Saha communicated with great physicists like Albert Einstein [5,6] and astrophysicist Harry Hemley Plaskett [7,8]. To make his ideas public he founded the renowned journal “Science and Culture” in 1935 , which is the mouth piece of the Indian Science News Association. Saha established a school of physics, which produced  many influential scientists like D S Kothari, B D Nag Chowdhury, P K Kichlu, N K Sur and R C Majumdar. There are a number of books and articles, which explore various aspects of his life [9-16].Saha was the third Indian physicist (after J C Bose (1920) and C V Raman (1924)) to be elected as the Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1927 [17]. Until 1956, that is Saha’s death only three Indian physicists were nominated for the Physics Nobel Prize. Saha was one of them. The other two were C V Raman and H J Bhabha [18]. In the present article, which is based on my previous work, a short review about his nomination as well as the cause of his unsuccessful nomination is given [19].

M N Saha and the Physics Nobel Prize – Celebrating M N Saha’s 125th Birth Anniversary.pdf