AJP	ISSN : 0971 – 3093 Vol 24, No. 12, December 2015

 

Vol. 24, No 12 (2015) 1603-1610

Amplitude and phase retrieval of ultrashort optical pulse using optical spectrogram scope

Kazunori Tanimura, Tsuyoshi Konishi , Kazuyoshi Itoh and Yoshiki Ichioka¹

We demonstrate the retrieval of the amplitude and phase of an ultrashort optical pulse from an optical spectrogram obtained by optical spectrogram scope (OSS). OSS is an interferometric method of obtaining a single-shot optical spectrogram without nonlinear optical effects. Since the optical spectrogram obtained by OSS retains information on the amplitude and phase of a signal pulse, we can retrieve this information without an iterative inversion algorithm from the spectrogram. In our demonstration, we retrieved the quadratic variation of a spectral phase of a linear chirped ultrashort laser pulse from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Spectrogram, time-frequency analysis, phase retrieval, interferometric time-of-flight cross correlation

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 Vol. 24, No 12 (2015) 1611-1624

An asymmetric cryptography system for watermarking of phase-images using gyrator transform

 

A watermarking scheme for phase-images based on optical asymmetric cryptography using gyrator transform is proposed. The phase and amplitude truncation approach is used during the encryption process to generate the decryption keys. A random amplitude mask is used in the input plane, whereas a random phase mask is used in the frequency plane. Validation results obtained through computer simulations show that the scheme is sensitive to the decryption keys and the orders of the gyrator transform. Performance metrics evaluated for the security analysis of the scheme are: information entropy, correlation, and robustness against the occlusion-, and noise attacks. The proposed scheme is significantly resistant to both these attacks and provides enhanced security due to its nonlinearity on account of asymmetric approach and phase-image input.© Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Phase-images, Watermarking, Gyrator transform, Asymmetric keys, Occlusion and noise attack.

Total Refs : 57

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 Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1627-1631

Optical processing in the aid of phase locking laser arrays

 

 Chene Tradonsky, Vishwa Pal, Ronen Chriki,Gilad Barach, Nir Davidson and Asher A Friesem

Department of Physics of Complex Systems

Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel

Talbot diffraction and Fourier filtering are incorporated into a degenerate laser cavity to obtain efficient phase locking of hundreds of lasers in a controlled manner. The addition of second harmonic generation converts an array of lasers with out-of-phase distribution into one with in-phase distribution, so the output light can be tightly focused. Simulated and experimental results for square laser arrays are presented. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Laser arrays; phase locking; Talbot and Fourier filtering; nonlinear optics.

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Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1633-1636

Coma and astigmatism in a two-mirror system

 

Daniel Malacara-Hernández, and Daniel Malacara-Doblado

Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C., Loma del Bosque # 115,

Lomas del Campestre, 37150 León, Gto. México

A system of two identical spherical mirrors has many practical applications. They are used, for example in systems to image the retina of the eye using adaptive optics, in lithography and in many optics experiments. The image of a small object has to be as good as possible. The image is either small or just a point. However, the necessary tilts of the mirrors make the point objects and image off-axis points. Here, we describe the coma and astigmatism in these systems. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Coma and astigmatism, Lithography, Spherical aberration, Coma aberration, Optical design.

References

1. Malacara-Hernández D, Malacara-Hernández Z, Handbook of Optical Design, (CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton), 2013.

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 Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1639-1648

Large size, high resolution three-dimensional display based on projector array

 

Xinzhu Sang¹, Binbin Yan¹, Peng Wang¹, Xin Gao¹, and Gang-Ding Peng²

¹State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box 72, Beijing 100876, China

²Photonics & Optical Communications, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia

To realize high resolution 3D video display without the need of wearing glasses, a huge amount of 3D spatial information is normally required. For a 3D display with smooth motion parallax similar to the holographic stereogram, the size of the virtual viewing slit should be smaller than the pupil size of eye at the largest viewing distance. To achieve high resolution and minimize 3D information necessary for eyes in order to relax requirements on display devices and reduce processing time, two glass-free 3D display systems with rear and front projection are presented. The systems are based on the space multiplexing with a micro-projector array and  specially designed 3D diffuse screens with the size about 1.8 m×1.2 m. The displayed clear depths are larger than 1.5m. The flexibility in terms of digitized recording and 3D diffuse screen based reconstruction relieves the limitations of conventional 3D display technologies, and fully continuous, natural 3D display is realized. Good aberration suppression and low cross talk have been achieved in both proposed display systems.© Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Parallax, High resolution, 3D video display, Digitized recording

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 Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1651-1658

Alignment free all solid state angularly multiplexed holographic memory systems

 

Wenbin Zhu, Jimmy Yao, Ju-Hung Chao, and Stuart Yin

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA 16802

In this paper, an alignment free all solid state multiplexed holographic memory system is presented. The system consists of a KTN based electro-optic (EO) beam deflector and a Fe:LiNbO₃ photorefractive (PR) crystal.  The KTN beam deflector is used to control the direction of reference beam and the Fe:LiNbO₃ PR crystal is harnessed to record the volume hologram.  The angularly multiplexed hologram is realized by recording hologram with different directions of reference beam via adjusting the voltage applied on the KTN beam deflector.  The major advantages of this unique holographic memory system are free of mechanical vibration and high scanning speed.  Such a unique multiplexed holographic recording system can be widely used in massive holographic storage, real-time automatic target recognition, 3D holographic display, etc.

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Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1659-1666

In-line digital holography using adaptive phase pinhole on the Fourier plane

 

In this paper, an in-line configuration for recording digital holograms is presented. The configuration is based on a two-lens spatial filtering system, in which a spatial light modulator (SLM) is used as a phase-shifting device in the Fourier plane. The holograms are digitally recorded, and the reconstruction is performed using a computer. In this type of systems, phase-shifting is commonly performed at the central region of the Fourier plane, assuming components of sufficient intensity at the lower frequencies. However, this assumption may not hold in general. Therefore, the use of other regions of the Fourier plane for phase-shifting is suggested, depending on the specific case. The results demonstrate that in certain cases, one cannot successfully record a hologram using the central region of the Fourier plane; using a different region, however, easily reveals the complex amplitude information of the recorded wavefront. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Digital holography, Fourier optics, Spatial light modulator (SLM), Phase-shifting

Total Refs : 16

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1667-1677

Coherence-based 3D and spectral imaging

 

Masaki Obara,^{1, *} Kyu Yoshimori,¹ and Kazuyoshi Itoh²

¹Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8551, Japan

²Science Technology Entrepreneurship Laboratory (E-Square), Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

The multi-spectral three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been demanded in a variety of fields. In the interferometric measurement, a set of spectral components of 3D images, that is, multi-spectral 3D images can retrieve from the 3D spatial coherence function that described spatial correlation of the light. The authors explain the principle of the Fourier-transform spectral imaging technique and an overview of the method for measurement of spatial coherence function. Furthermore, authors report the recent progress in the fields associated with this technique. © Anita Publications, All rights reserve. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Fourier-transform, Holography, Spatio-spectral image, Fourier-transform, Radio astronomy

Total Refs : 34

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 1679-1702

Anamorphic Lohmann’s first type system with a non-orthogonal cylindrical doublet. Application to optical encryption.

 

C. Ferreira¹, V. Micó¹, P. García-Martínez¹, I. Moreno², J. García¹, and Z. Zalevsky³

¹Departamento de Óptica y de Optometría y Ciencias de la Visión. Facultat de Física. Universitat de Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.

²Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Óptica, y Tecnología Electrónica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.

³Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.

A non-orthogonal cylindrical doublet is equivalent to a virtual orthogonal doublet, rotated an angle φ with regard to the original coordinate axes. This angle is a function of the angle α  between the cylinder axes of the original doublet and of its focal lengths, as well as of the original orientation of the doublet. Likewise, the focal lengths of the virtual doublet depend on the focal lengths of the original doublet and on the angle α.This property can be used to deal with an anamorphic Lohmann’s first -type system(propagation –lens – propagation), where the cylindrical doublet is placed at the same distance from the input and the output planes to obtain a fractional Fourier transform. In this paper, as an application, we propose to use two such systems in cascade to perform double random phase encryption.To introduce different fractional orders in two orthogonal directions and at the same time a rotation of the equivalent system, we only need to rotate one lens of the non-orthogonal doublet in each sub-system.Simulations have been carried out to substantiate the feasibility of the proposed encryption system. Results when angular errors are introduced in each of the sub-systems are shown.

Total Refs : 41

  Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Toward an integrated photonic crystal fiber surface enhanced Raman detection system

 

Claire Gu¹, Yi Zhang^1*, Chao Shi^1*, Xuan Yang^1*, Jin Zhang², Rebecca Newhouse^2*, Damon Wheeler^2*, Liangcai Cao³ and He Yan^3*

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

²Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

³Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

The integration of a photonic crystal fiber and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) into a compact detection system is an important step toward the practical applications of SERS in chemical and biological sensing, environmental monitoring, and security alert. In this paper, we review some of our efforts in developing a compact sensor system that integrates various novel components to achieve compactness, high sensitivity, consistency, molecular specificity, and automatic preliminary identification. Throughout the review we point out the advantages of this technology as well as challenges in both chemical and photonic engineering, and hopefully shed some light to future endeavors.   

Keywords: Fiber sensors, Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Molecular detection, Nanoparticles, Photonic crystals fibers, SERS probes, Matched spectral filter, Holographic spectral filter.

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

In order to reduce glare problems and design a luminaire with uniform light distribution, we usually use diffusers to modulate the luminaire. The scattering distribution of diffusers is an important factor in the lighting design. Commercial detectors often measure the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) by a scanning and time-consuming method. We have proposed screen imaging synthesis (SIS) system in 2012, and it can easily measure the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF). In this paper, the optimized formula is presented to correct the vignetting effect and scattering effect caused by the screen. A quasi-Lambertian screen is made to enhance precision. Finally, we combine the SIS system with the rotation controller, and a semi-automatic measuring machine is built. The SIS generation can measure BSDF of the samples precisely and easily. This system helps to analyze the characteristic of scattering samples quickly. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF); Screen imaging synthesis;.

 Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Analysis of Harmonic Generation in Photonic Bandgap Structures using the Transfer Matrix Method

 

Han Li, Joseph Haus, and Partha Banerjee*
Electro-Optics, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA

   Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

 Generation of kinoform phase-only Fresnel computer generated hologram for
three-dimensional display using polygon-based method

 

Cheng Hung Chi¹, Ken Y Hsu² and Shiuan Huei Lin¹

¹Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University

²Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University

Tai Hsueh Road 1001, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan,

Recent research has proven that if the intensity profile of a source image is down-sampled with a uniform grid-cross sampling lattice and converted into an off-axis Fresnel hologram, the hologram pixels can be quantized into a bi-level (binary) representation with only moderate amount of degradation on the reconstructed image. Despite the success of this approach, the reconstructed image is modulated with a repetitive textural pattern which are visually unappealing. In this paper, we report a method to enhance, through the adoption of ASCII-art mapping, the artistic appearance of the reconstructed image. A binary hologram generated with our proposed method is referred to as an ASCII-art binary  hologram (AABH). Experimental results demonstrates that an AAB hologram is capable of reconstructing the source image favorably, and with artistic effect that imparts an interesting and pleasant appearance. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Computer-generated hologram, hologram binarization, grid-cross lattice down-sampling, ASCII art.

   Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Three-dimensional information reconstructions by integral imaging

 

Juan Zhang, Liqiu Zhou, Zan Zhang, Yaoyao Wang, Bo Zhang, and Xing Zhao*

Institute of Modern Optics, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology Nankai University,

Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300071, China

Three-dimensional (3D) information capturing and reconstructions is more and more important in recent years. In this paper, some issues of the reconstruction of 3D information by integral imaging were discussed theoretically and experimentally. To overcome the low accuracy of 3D reconstruction, a statistics-based reconstruction method with high random-error tolerance for integral imaging was proposed. To evaluate the reconstruction of integral imaging, the lateral and depth resolutions were derived quantitatively and their distribution features in image space was demonstrated. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Three-dimensional (3D) information, Reconstruction of 3D information

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Generation of ASCII-art binary holograms (AABHs)

 

Peter W M Tsang¹ and Ting-Chung Poon²

¹Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

²Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Recent research has proven that if the intensity profile of a source image is down-sampled with a uniform grid-cross sampling lattice and converted into an off-axis Fresnel hologram, the hologram pixels can be quantized into a bi-level (binary) representation with only moderate amount of degradation on the reconstructed image. Despite the success of this approach, the reconstructed image is modulated with a repetitive textural pattern which are visually unappealing. In this paper, we report a method to enhance, through the adoption of ASCII-art mapping, the artistic appearance of the reconstructed image. A binary hologram generated with our proposed method is referred to as an ASCII-art binary  hologram (AABH). Experimental results demonstrates that an AAB hologram is capable of reconstructing the source image favorably, and with artistic effect that imparts an interesting and pleasant appearance. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Computer-generated hologram, hologram binarization, grid-cross lattice down-sampling, ASCII art.

  Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Spin-controlled optical Metasurfaces

 

Vladimir Kleiner and Erez Hasman

Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology
Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

Spin optics provides a route to control light, whereby the photon helicity (spin angular momentum) degeneracy is removed due to a geometric gradient onto a metasurface. The alliance of spin optics and metamaterials offers the dispersion engineering of a structured matter in a polarization helicity–dependent manner. We show that polarization-controlled optical modes of metamaterials arise where the spatial inversion symmetry is violated. The emerged spin-split dispersion of spontaneous emission originates from the spin-orbit interaction of light, generating a selection rule based on symmetry restrictions in a spin-optical metamaterial. The inversion asymmetric metasurface is obtained via anisotropic optical antenna patterns. This type of metamaterial provides a route for spin-controlled nanophotonic applications based on the design of the metasurface symmetry properties. Further, we present a generic concept to control multifunctional optics by disordered (random) gradient metasurfaces with a custom-tailored geometric phase. This approach combines the peculiar ability of random patterns to support an extraordinary information capacity and the polarization helicity control in the geometric phase mechanism, simply implemented in a two-dimensional structured matter by imprinting optical antenna patterns. By manipulating the loc al orientations of the nanoantennas, we generate multiple wavefronts with different functionalities via mixed random antenna groups, where each group controls a different phase function. Disordered gradient metasurfaces broaden the applicability of flat optics, as they offer all-optical manipulation by multitask wavefront shaping via a single ultrathin nanoscale photonic device. Moreover, observation of optical spin-controlled modes from a quasicrystalline metasurface as a result of an aperiodic geometric phase induced by anisotropic subwavelength structure is presented. When geometric phase defects are introduced in the aperiodic structured surface, the modes exhibit polarization helicity dependence resulting in the optical spin-Hall effect. The radiative thermal dispersion bands from a quasicrystal structure are studied where the observed bands arise from the optical spin-orbit interaction induced by the aperiodic space-variant orientations of anisotropic antennas. The optical spin-flip behavior of the revealed modes that arise from the geometric phase pickup is experimentally observed within the visible spectrum by measuring the spin-projected diffraction patterns. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

High-speed image processing based on volume holographic optical correlator

 

Liangcai Cao*, Wenhui Zhang, Dezhao Kong, Song Zong, Qingsheng He, and Guofan Jin

Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China

The performance of image processing is limited at speed and accuracy when using traditional electronic microprocessors. One alternative solution is parallel optical image processing. Based on the Bragg selectivity of the volume gratings, the volume holographic correlator (VHC) can store multiple images in a common volume of the photorefractive crystal using angular multiplexing. As for the correlation, all the correlation results between the input search argument and the stored images can be acquired simultaneously. And each correlation result is determined by the intensity of the corresponding correlation spot. Parallel processing ability with more than 7500 channels and processing speed up to 138 GHz have been achieved in current portable VHC system. The remote sensing image matching is demonstrated as a potential application of the VHC. © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Volume holographic correlator, Image processing, Pattern recognition, Nanoparticles, Photorefractive crystal.

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Phase Amplification in Fringe Projection Topography

 

Toyohiko Yatagai, Hirokazu Miyasawa, and Tomohire Kiire

 Due to nonlinear detection of projected fringes patterns on an object surface, non-sinusoidal fringe profile is detected. Amplified phase distribution of the fringe pattern is calculated using phase at higher harmonic frequency of fringe spectrum. Theoreical consideration and experimental verification of increase of measurement sensitivity are presented.

Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Monte Carlo methods in digital holography: three instances

L Yaroslavsky

Dept. of Physical Electronics, School of electrical Engineering,

In the paper, three instances are reviewed of application of Monte Carlo methods for synthesis and simulation of wave fronts: (i) computer generation of phase-only display holograms (kinoform) and of optical diffusers with prescribed directivity patterns; (ii) computer synthesis of Fourier hologram of 3D objects that are capable of visualizing objects’ shape by means of simulating treatment of light and shade (chiaroscuro) in painting 3D bodies widely used by artists to achieve a sense of volume; (iii) simulation and statistical characterization of speckle noise that emerges when observing objects illuminated by coherent radiation and is caused by distortions in recording and reconstruction of objects’ wave fronts.

  Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Nano-Scale Metallo-Dielectric Light Emitters

 

Y. Fainman, M. P. Nezhad, A. Simic, A. Mizrahi, J. Lee, Michael Kats, O. Bondarenko, Q. Gu,  V. Lomakin, and B. Slutsky

  Vol. 24, No 12(2015) 00-00

Science and the myth of information

 

Francis T S Yu

Emeritus Evan Pugh Professor of Electrical Engineering

Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

In this article, we show the mythical relationship between science and information.  Since every substance has a price-tag or price-tags of information which includes all the building blocks in our universe, one cannot simply ignore information when dealing with science. We have shown that there is a profound connection between information and entropy, a quantity that has been well accepted in science. Without this connection, information would be more difficult to apply in science. Two of the most important pillars in modern physics must be the Einstein’s relativity theory and the Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics. We show that there exists a profound relationship between them, by means of the uncertainty principle. In due of uncertainty relation, we show that every bit of information takes time and energy to transfer, to create and to observe. Since one cannot create something from nothing, we show that, anything to be created needs a huge amount of energy and requires a great deal of entropy to make it happen! My question is that, can we afford it? © Anita Publications. All rights reserved.

Total Refs : 16

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